Transcript WWII: Europe - davis.k12.ut.us

World War II
The War in Europe
Dictators Threaten World Peace
Nationalism in Europe & Asia
• Failures of the Treaty of Versailles
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Blamed Germany for starting WWI
Took German territories
Took territories form Russia
Did nothing to help rebuild
Nationalism in Europe & Asia
• Communism
– Joseph Stalin (Russia)
• Best totalitarian leader
• Fascism
– Benito Mussolini (Italy)
– Adolph Hitler (Germany)
– Francisco Franco (Spain)
Nationalist Ideals
Communists
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
No social Darwinism
More rational – history
is evolutionary
Nationalistic
Not as expansionistic
Women expected to
work and breed
Stalin Purges (1937-41)
3-3.5 m soldiers &
officers
Fascists
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Social Darwinism
Not rational – based on
emotion
Extreme nationalism
Expansionistic
Women’s roles
Very militaristic
Dictatorship/totalitarians
Hitler’s Rise to Power
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1919 joined the NAZI party
Nov. 1923 leads armed uprising
1924 Wrote Mein Kampf in prison
1929 reorganized NAZI party becomes a national
party
1932 NAZI party is the largest in Germany
Jan. 1933 Pres. Hindenburg appoints him
Chancellor
Enabling Act suspends the constitution
Aug. 1934 Pres. Hindenburg dies, Hitler takes
over
Aggression in Europe
• March 1935 Hitler creates the air force and
introduces a military draft that would
expand the army from 100-550,000 troops
• Hitler pulls out of the League of Nations in
1933
• Oct. 1935 Mussolini invades Ethiopia
• March 1936 sent troops to the Rhineland
• 1936 sign the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact
U.S. Responds Cautiously
• Clinging to Isolationism
– Neutrality Acts of 1935
• Outlawed arms sales or loans to warring nations
• Outlawed arms sales or loans for civil wars
• Neutrality breaks down
– 3000 volunteers go to support the Spanish
Gov’t against Franco.
The War Begins
War in Europe
Lil’ Hitler
Austria Falls
• Hitler annexes Austria
– Hitler demands that Austria appoint Nazi's to
gov’t posts
– March 1938 Hitler sends troops unopposed into
Austria
Czechoslovakia Falls
• Bargaining for the Sudetenland
– German’s mobilize troops to Czech border
– Daladier (Fr.) & Chamberlain (G.B.) sign Munich
Pact in Sept. 1938. This is called appeasement!!!
• “However much we may sympathize with a small nation confronted by a
big and powerful neighbor, we cannot in all circumstances undertake to
involve the whole British Empire in war simply on her account” – Neville
Chamberlin, Sept. 27, 1938
– Churchill opposed the pact calling it appeasement:
“Britain and France had to choose between war
and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have
war.”
German Offensive begins
• Hitler sets his sights on
Poland
– Aug 1939, Ger.-Russian
non-aggression pact
– With this signed Germany
advances on Poland
– Sept 1, 1939 Ger. begins
bombing Poland
– Ger. Blitzkrieg takes Poland
in 3 weeks
– Sept. 3, 1939 G.B. & Fr.
declare war on Ger.
Invasion of Poland
The Phony War
• Ger. and Fr. both sit
and wait (sitzkrieg) at
the Maginot Line
• Russia takes lost land
in the Baltics
• April 9, 1940 Ger.
invades Den., Nor.,
Neth., Bel., &
Luxembourg
France & G.B. Resist
• The Fall of France
– Ger. fakes an invasion through Bel. then push their troops through
the Ardennes
• May 10, 1940
– Ger. push cuts off troops to beaches of Dunkirk
• Hitler doesn’t attack. This allows the troops to retreat back to
England
• 200,000 British and 140,000 French troops
were evacuated
– Italy invades Southern France
– June 21, 1940 Paris falls
• Seven weeks after the invasion
G.B. Alone
• The Battle of Britain
– Ger. launched naval & air raids, summer 1940
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Ger. air force “Luftwaffe” 2,600 planes
Starting on August 15, 1,000 attacked Britain a day
2 solid months of bombing London
RAF and radar fight back
– Shot down 56 on Sept. 15 and only lost 26
• Hitler finally call off the attack, June 1941
• 20,000 British killed & 70,000 wounded
War Threatens America
America Moves Toward War
• Axis Threat
– Axis Powers: Germany,
Italy, Spain, Japan
– FDR sends aid to Britain
• Building America’s
defenses
– Selective Training &
Service Act (1940)
– 1st peacetime military draft
– 16 million register 21-35
years
America Moves Toward War
• Lend-Lease Plan
– Arms to any country whose
defense was vital to the
U.S.
• June 22, 1941 Hitler
invades Russia (Operation
Barbarossa)
– Scorched-earth policy
• Wolf packs
– Groups of 15-20 subs
America Moves Toward War
• Allies
– U.S., G.B., Fr.,
U.S.S.R., China
• Japan attacks the U.S.
– Pearl Harbor Dec. 7,
1941.
– Dec. 8, we declare war
on Japan
– Dec. 11 Ger. & Italy
declare war on U.S.
War for Europe & N. Africa
• U.S. & G.B join forces
– War plans
• Defeat of Ger. 1st priority
• Only unconditional surrender
– Battle of the Atlantic
• U-boats attack U.S. ships on east coast sinking 87
• Convoy system
• 1943 Henry Kaiser & liberty ships
– 140/mo, it took 4 days 15 hours and 26 minutes to build
Eastern Front & Mediterranean
The beginning of the end for
Germany
Battle of Stalingrad
• Hitler attempts to capture oilfields in Caucasus
mtns & industry of Stalingrad
• Stalin refused a withdrawal
• By Sept. Ger. controls 9/10 of city
• Nov. Soviets start counter attack
• Hitler refuses retreat
• Feb. 2, 1943 91,000 Ger. surrender
• 240,000 Ger., 1.25 mil. Russian casualties
North African Front
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Nov. 1942, 107,000 allied troops land in
Northern Africa
• Chased and battled Rommel and the
Germans for 6 months
• In May 1943, Eisenhower and Montgomery
surround Rommel forcing him and 240,000
troops to surrender
North Africa & Mediterranean
Advance
Italian Campaign
• June 1943 we begin the
invasion of Sicily
• Mussolini ousted by rebel
forces
• Hitler send troops to reinstate
him
• 18 months of fighting to get the
Ger. out
• April 28, 1945 Mussolini is
found, shot and hanged
Allies Liberate Europe
D-Day to Berlin
Operation Overlord
• June 6th, 1944 orchestrated
by Eisenhower
• 3 divisions of paratroopers
(101st Airborne)
• 60 mile stretch of beach
(Utah, Omaha, Gold,
Juno, Sword)
• 150,000 troops, 4,000
landing craft, 600
warships, 11,000 planes
D-Day
• Utah and Omaha
beaches were the
worst
• Within one month
they landed 1 million
troops, 567,000 tons
of supplies
• July 25th Gen. Bradley
attacks St. Lo
D-Day
• Gen. Patton takes
advantage and pushes
towards Paris
• Aug. 25, U.S. and
French troops liberate
Paris
D-Day
• By Sept. 1944, allies
had freed France,
Belgium, Luxembourg
and much of the
Netherlands
• FDR re-elected for a
4th term with Truman
Battle of the Bulge
• Dec. 1944- Jan. 1945
• Hitler’s last ditch
effort counter attack
• Dec. 16, 8 German
tank divisions broke
through U.S. defenses
along an 80 mile front
Battle of the Bulge
• U.S. stand at Bastogne
• 1 month battle, Ger.
lost 120,000 troops,
600 tanks, 1,600
planes
Liberation of Concentration Camps
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As we entered the camp, the living
skeletons still able to walk crowded around
us and, though we wanted to drive farther
into the place, the milling, pressing crowd
would not let us. It is not an exaggeration
to say that almost every inmate was insane
with hunger. Just the sight of an American
brought cheers, groans and shrieks. People
crowded around to touch an American, to
touch the jeep, to kiss our arms--perhaps
just to make sure that it was true. The
people who couldn't walk crawled out
toward our jeep. Those who couldn't even
crawl propped themselves up on an elbow,
and somehow, through all their pain and
suffering, revealed through their eyes the
gratitude, the joy they felt at the arrival of
Americans.
--Captain J.D. Pletcher, 71st Division
Headquarters
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I saw Eisenhower go to the opposite end of
the road and vomit. From a distance I saw
Patton bend over, holding his head with
one hand and his abdomen with the other.
And I soon became ill. I suggested to
General Eisenhower that cables be sent
immediately to President Roosevelt,
Churchill, DeGaulle, urging people to
come and see for themselves. The general
nodded.
--Lewis H. Weinstein, Lieutenant Colonel
Liberation of Concentration Camps
Unconditional Surrender
• Soviets storm Berlin on April 25, 1945
• Hitler’s death
– Married Eva Braun on April 29
– Same day wrote an address praising the soldiers
at the front, blamed the Jews for starting WWII,
and his Generals for losing
– April 30, poisoned Eva, shot himself and had
their remains burned
Unconditional Surrender
• May 7, 1945 Eisenhower
accepted the unconditional
surrender of the Third
Reich
• May 8, 1945 V-E Day
(Victory in Europe Day)
• Could now turn our full
attention to the Pacific.
WWII
The War in the Pacific