Transcript International relationsx - Beaconsfield High School Virtual

Peace-making 1918-19 and the
League of Nations
Wilson’s 14 Points Pictionary!
Bonus point if you can explain each
term/point
• Self determination.
• League of Nations
• Free trade between
countries.
• France to regain AlsaceLorraine.
• Disarmament.
• Poland to become an
independent state with
access to the sea.
Why did the League of Nations fail in its aims to keep
peace?
White
boards and
pens
• Which of the following reasons was most
responsible for the failure of the League of
Nations (rank them all, are they linked?):
The USA
refuses to
join
German
troops enter
the Rhineland
The
conquest of
Abyssinia
The Structure
and
membership
of the League
Japanese
expansion in
to Manchuria
and China.
Power of the
League
Make a list of the successes of the
League of Nations
• 1921 Dispute between Germany and Poland over
Upper Silesia; the dispute between Sweden and
Finland over the Aaland Islands.
• 1925 – Greek invasion of Bulgaria; League restored
order.
• Helped refugees after the war.
• Worked to combat the spread of serious diseases such
as leprosy, malaria and the plague – and inoculated
against them.
• It fought the spread of slavery, and tried to create
better working conditions for people all across the
world.
Hitler’s foreign policy and the
origins of the Second World War
You will be given an event – you
have two minutes to work out
what it was, the date it happened
and why it is important.
Answers on your sheet of A3
please – make the writing large.
SAAR PLEBISCITE
The Treaty of Versailles had put the Saar under the control of the League of Nations for
15 years. In 1935 the inhabitants of the Saar voted to return to Germany. The Saar
plebiscite is cited by many historians as the first step to war.
2. CONSCRIPTION and RE-ARMAMENT
Hitler began to build up his armed forces. In 1935 he introduced conscription (calling
up men to the army). This broke the Treaty of Versailles, but Britain and France let
him get away with it.
3. RHINELAND
Hitler invaded the Rhineland on 7 March 1936. This broke the Treaty of Versailles. It
was a bluff – the German army had only 22,000 soldiers and had orders to retreat if
they met any resistance. But once again, Britain and France did nothing.
4. AUSTRIA
In 1938, Hitler took over Austria. First, Hitler encouraged the Austrian Nazis to
demand union with Germany. Then Hitler invaded Austria (11 March 1938). This
broke the Treaty of Versailles, but Britain and France did nothing.
5. MUNICH
In 1938, Hitler tried to take over the Sudetenland. First, Hitler encouraged the
Sudeten Nazis to demand union with Germany. Then, Hitler made plans to invade
Czechoslovakia.
Neville Chamberlain appeased Hitler.
France gave Hitler the Sudetenland.
At Munich, on 29 September 1938, Britain and
6. CZECHOSLOVAKIA
On 15 March 1939, Hitler’s troops marched into the rest of Czechoslovakia. This,
for most British people, was the time when they realised that the only thing that
would stop Hitler was a war.
7. USSR/NAZI PACT
In summer 1939, Hitler began to unfold his plan to take over Poland. First, the
Germans in Danzig demanded union with Germany. Then, Hitler threatened war.
Chamberlain promised the Poles that Britain would support them if Germany
attacked Poland.
In August 1939, Hitler made a secret treaty with Russia. He thought this would
stop Britain & France helping Poland.
8. POLAND
In April 1939, Chamberlain announced the 'Polish Guarantee' - a promise to
defend Poland if Hitler invaded (this was the event which ended appeasement).
On 1 September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland.
On 3 September 1939, Chamberlain declared war on Germany.
Which events do you think were the
most important – Why?
This cartoon of
February 1938 by
the British cartoonist
David Low shows
Germany crushing
Austria.
Next in line is
Czechoslovakia. At
the back, Britain
says to France, who
is next-to-last: ‘Why
should we take a
stand about
someone pushing
someone else when
it’s all so far away?’ .
What was appeasement?
If only…we could sit down at a table with the Germans and run through
all their complaints and claims with a pencil, this would greatly relieve
all tension.
Chamberlain, speaking unofficially to Anthony Eden in 1937.
You have only to look at the map to see that nothing we could do could
possibly save Czechoslovakia from being overrun by the Germans.
Chamberlain, writing to his sister in 1938.
How horrible, fantastic, incredible it is that we should be digging
trenches and trying on gas-masks here because of a quarrel in a far
away country between people of whom we know nothing.
Chamberlain, speaking in a radio broadcast about the Sudetenland crisis,
27 September 1938.
A clever plan of selling off your friends in order to buy off your enemies.
A comment in the British newspaper, The Manchester Guardian, February
1939.
What events
do each of
these
quotes refer
to and what
can we learn
from them?
The Origins of the Cold war
The Origins of the Cold war: what do
we need to know?
• Why did the USA and
USSR become rivals in
the years 1945-49?
• Yalta and Potsdam
Conferences.
• Dropping of the atomic
bomb.
• Iron Curtain: Soviet
expansion into the East.
• Truman Doctrine.
• Marshall Plan
• Berlin Blockade and Airlift
• How did the Cold War
develop in the years
1949-1955?
• NATO
• Nuclear Arms Race
• The Korean War: 1950-53
• The Death of Stalin and
peaceful co-existence.
• Formation of the Warsaw
Pact.
 Yalta Conference
 Potsdam Conference
 United States first used atomic bomb in
war
 Winston Churchill delivers "Iron Curtain"
Speech
 Truman Doctrine
 Marshall Plan is announced
 Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia
 Berlin Blockade begins
 NATO ratified
 The Arms Race
 Korean War
 Death of Soviet leader Josef Stalin
 Warsaw Pact
Do you know what
happened in each event?
Which event
was the most
important in
causing the
Cold War?
 1945: February 4-11- Yalta Conference Cold War Begins – working together, Stalin, FDR
and Churchill. But underlining tension.
 1945: July Potsdam Conference – tension developing, Stalin still in eastern lands, FDR
replaced by Truman, Allies tested the atomic bomb – disagreements over what to do with
Germany, reparations and Soviet policy in the East.
 1945: August 6 -- United States first used atomic bomb in war - Devastation; Stalin saw
it as a message to him.
 1946: March Winston Churchill delivers "Iron Curtain" Speech – Europe divided central
and eastern: Communist parties ensuring totalitarian rule.
 1947: March Truman Doctrine USA would protect any country threatened by a
Communist take over.
 1947: June Marshall Plan is announced $17 billion made available for four years to
Europe to help it recover from war and ‘against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.’
Plus to stop them turning to Communism!!
 1948: February Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia
 1948: June 24 Berlin Blockade begins – In retaliation to the introduction of a new
currency to Trizonia (FR, GB and US West Germany) Stalin cut supply lines to West Berlin
in an attempt to force the allies out of Berlin.Allies dropped supplies by air. Stalin was
forced to reopen communications. May 1949 Germany is divided into 2 nations: West
and East Germany.
 1949: July NATO ratified - Agreement of the Western Powers to work together: NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
 The Arms Race The two most important areas of tension were known as the
Arms and Space Races. In 1945 the USA had detonated two nuclear bombs
over Japan to help bring an end to the Second World War. Japan was very
nearly at the point of defeat before the nuclear bombs were used, so some
historians believe that the USA wanted to use their atomic weapons in order
to warn the USSR that they had weapons of mass destruction and were
prepared to use them. The attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki happened just
as the Cold War began. The USSR challenged the West’s lead in nuclear
weapons. By 1949 the USSR also had nuclear weapons. The Cold War became
very much more serious in the 1950s as each of the superpowers built more
and more atomic weapons. November 1952, US detonates the H-bomb 1,000
times more powerful than the atomic bomb, August 1953 USSR denotes it own
H bomb. By March 1954 the US develops an H bomb small enough to be
dropped from a bomber; in the September the USSR tests an H bomb dropped
from a bomber. The growth in the huge stockpile of weapons was known as
the Nuclear Arms Race.
 Korean War begins 1950-1953: Japan had occupied Korea between 1910-1945. Soviet forces in the
North and American forces in the south replaced Japanese soldiers. Korea became divided in two, in a
similar manner to the division of Germany. Stalin promised free elections in Korea at the Yalta, but he
broke his promise. Instead northern Korea became a communist satellite state under the control of
Kim Il Sung; in the south a capitalist state was set up under Syngman Rhee. It proved impossible to
reunite the country. In 1949 China became a communist state. The South Koreans were very nervous,
surrounded by communist states – the USSR, China and North Korea. Stalin and Mao (the Chinese
communist leader) encouraged Kim Il Sung to attack South Korea. They saw a perfect opportunity to
spread communism in the Far East, perhaps even to Japan. The USA was very worried by the so-called
domino effect; if one country fell to communism, others would fall also. When Kim Il Sung attacked
South Korea he had the financial support of Stalin, but not the direct military support of the USSR.
South Korea appealed to the United Nations for help. Sixteen nations, headed by the USA took part
immediately, another sixteen followed later. Under General MacArthur UN forces quickly pushed back
North Korean forces and approached China. The Chinese were very concerned especially as
MacArthur made it clear he was prepared to invade China and use nuclear weapons. Truman
dismissed MacArthur in 1951 and the North Koreans, with Chinese support, were able to push back
UN forces to the 38-degree N parallel, the same division between North and South Korea that had
existed in 1949. When Stalin died in 1953 both sides agreed to a cease-fire. The Korean War had been
a stalemate between the superpowers. Although both had been involved, the USA and the USSR had
not fought directly against each other. In 1954 SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organisation) was set
up as a copy of NATO. Communism had been prevented in South Korea and the UN was seen as a
success, it had stood up to major aggression, something the League of Nations had failed to achieve.
However, the war also revealed that China was no longer weak and was prepared to stand up to the
West. Was this the emergence of a third superpower.
 When Stalin died in 1953, it appeared that the relationship between the USA and the
USSR would improve. With the emergence of Khrushchev as Stalin’s successor in 1956,
this belief seemed to take effect. However, Khrushchev was an old-school communist,
with no wish to diminish the USSR’s status as a rival superpower to the USA.
 Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Union’s response to West Germany joining NATO and came
into being in May 1955. The Warsaw Pact, officially the ‘Treaty of Friendship,
Cooperation and Mutual Assistance’, was obviously very much dominated by the Soviet
Union. Soviet made tanks, aircraft and guns were used throughout the Warsaw Pact
and the military command was dominated by decisions made in Moscow. Like NATO,
the Warsaw Pact had a political Consultative Committee with a civilian SecretaryGeneral. It also, like NATO, had a commander-in-chief who was the most senior military
figure in it. Each member of the Warsaw Pact had to pledge to defend other members if
they were attacked.