Transcript power point presentation

Collaboration and resistance in
occupied Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia: History & Disintegration
Dr Dejan Djokić
Video intro
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3d2JjJ_Zm
1U&feature=related [up until 6:11]
Partition of Yugoslavia in WWII
1 million (out of 16m) Yugoslavs died in WWII,
probably majority killed by other Yugoslavs
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1,709,000 – official figure in socialist Yugoslavia
1,014,000 Bogoljub Kočović, Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji (1985)
1,027,000 Vladimir Žerjavić, Gubici stanovništva Jugoslavije u Drugom svjetskom ratu (1989)
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Breakdown according to ethnicity (Kočović, p. 111):
Serbs (including Montenegrins): 537,000 (7.2% of all Serbs)
Serbs (excluding Montenegrins): 487,000 (6.9%)
Montenegrins: 50,000 (10.4%)
Croats: 207,000 (5.4% of all Croats)
Muslims: 86,000 (6.8% of all Muslim Slavs in Bosnia-Herzegovina & Sandžak)
Jews: 60,000 (77.9%)
Slovenes: 32,000 (2.5%)
Roma: 27,000 (31.4%)
Yugoslav Germans: 26,000 (4.8%)
Yugoslav Albanians: 6,000 (1.0%)
Macedonians: 6,000 (0.9%)
Yugoslav Hungarians: 5,000 (1.0%)
Nature of conflict
• A multi-layered conflict: wars of resistance,
collaboration, ethnic wars, ideological wars,
civil wars, local wars
• Nazi terror: e.g. the Kragujevac massacre in
Serbia: 2,800 men shot dead in one day in
October 1941; some 25,000 Serb civilians
executed in Serbia in Autumn ‘41
• However, most Yugoslavs probably killed by
other Yugoslavs
Collaboration
• Independent state of Croatia (NDH)
• Ante Pavelić (1889-1959)
• Ustaša ideology:
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anti-Serbianism, anti-Semitism, anti-Communism
cult of the [Croat] nation (Aryan origins)
cult of the [Croatian] state
cult of the leader (poglavnik)
• Terror and genocide
• Concentration camps (e.g. Jasenovac)
• Postwar vision: an independent ‘Greater’ Croatia within Hitler’s
‘New Order’
• Collaborators among all Yugoslav groups (Ljotić & Nedić in Serbia,
‘White Guards’ in Slovenia, Bosnian Muslim ‘Handžar’ SS division,
etc).
Independent State of Croatia (Puppet Nazi state)
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Serbs in Croatia ‘proper’: 125,000 (17.4%)
Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina: 209,000 (16.7%)
Jasenovac: 85,000 (50,000 Serbs)
Around 200,000 Serbs expelled
Up to 200,000 converted to Catholicism
Some 75% of Croatia’s Jews killed
Communist and pro-communist Croats and
Bosnian Muslims also executed
• Bosnian Muslims officially regarded as Croats
Ante Pavelić, poglavnik (leader) of the Independent
State of Croatia, 1941-45
Pavelić meets Hitler, June 1941
Ustaša massacre of Serbs
Bosnian Muslim SS Division Handžar
Četniks
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Col. Draža Mihailović (1893-1946) , promoted to General, December 1941, War
Minister, January 1942
Predominantly Serb, although some Bosnian Muslims, Croats and Slovenes also
joined the movement
No well-developed ideology: pro-Western, anti-communist, royalist
Not a single movement (Dalmatian, Montenegrin and Bosnian Četniks often acted
independently); No clear strategy: poor leadership and discipline
Engaged in fighting Partisans, more than the Germans and Italians
Collaboration
Failed to attract significant non-Serb support, and responsible for massacres of
non-Serbs (particularly Muslims and Croats), as well as Serbs suspected of being
pro-Partisan
Postwar vision: a Serb-dominated Yugoslav federation, under the Karadjordjević
dynasty
Allied pro-Mihailović propaganda
German warrant 1943, 100,000 Reichsmarks in
gold for Mihailović, dead or alive
Gen. Mihailović (saluting) and US Col. McDowell (to his
left), occupied Serbia, 1944
Partisans
• Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980)
• Communist Party of Yugoslavia
• Pan-Yugoslav support (although by 1943 predominantly Serb as
well)
• ‘Brotherhood and unity’
• Successful resistance (the largest in occupied Europe), clear
ideology and strategy
• Turning point: secured Western support, and captured Italian
weapons in 1943
• AVNOJ: 29 November 1943, Jajce
• Postwar vision: a communist-led Yugoslavia, a federation of 6
republics and equality among the Yugoslav peoples (interwar
Yugoslavia its main ‘Other’)
German warrant 1943, 100,000 Reichsmarks in
gold for Tito, dead or alive
Marshal Tito (left) and Gen. Koča Popović
Tito (right) with members of the British mission
at his headquarters in Drvar, Bosnia, 1944
Time, 9 Oct 1944
Why did the Partisans win?
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Leadership
Military strategy
Ideology
External (British) support
Lack of a viable alternative – no one else could
have liberated and re-united Yugoslavia
• Why Yugoslavia again in 1945?