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Intelligence • Unique area in psychology: major controversy at the very beginning • Single intelligence theory – Define: • Multiple Intelligence theory – Define: • Intelligence is: “An inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment.” (Wade and Tavris, 2003) 3/4/05 Intelligence Single Intelligence theory • Psychometric approach – – – – – Binet – IQ testing Spearman WISC, WAIS tests Factor analysis Normal Curve • Are IQ tests culture free/culture fair/culture bound? 3/4/05 Intelligence IQ distribution 3/4/05 Intelligence IQ testing critiques • Stereotype threat – Steele (1992) • Rosenthal Pygmalion effect (1966) 3/4/05 Intelligence Multiple Intelligence theories • Sternberg Triarchic theory – Componential (analytic) – Experiential (creative) – Contextual (practical) • Consulting with ETS/ • FairTest 3/4/05 Intelligence Mult. Intell. Theories cont’d • Garnder multiple intelligence model • Combination of mathematical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturistic • Savants? • “core operations” • What is a “talent” vs. an “intelligence”? 3/4/05 Intelligence Cross-cultural intelligence research • Cultural Attitudes and Motivation – Math achievement gap, US vs. Asia – Causes: Locus of control (beliefs about intelligence) – Standards (what parents expect) – Values • Terman’s Termites 3/4/05 Intelligence 3/4/05 Intelligence Animal Intelligence • Kohler’s chimpanzee insight studies • Theory of mind – are animals capable of this? • Language criteria: – Meaningful – Displacement – Productive • Experiments need to avoid the Clever Hans effect • Examples of animal “intelligence”: – Koko the ape – Kanzi, other chimpazees rasied with sign language – Alex the Parrot 3/4/05 Intelligence Artificial Intelligence • Turing Test • Examples of artificial intelligence: – Personal computers? – Deep blue? – Chat bots? 3/4/05 Intelligence 3/4/05 Intelligence