Transcript Creating information

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS
Supporting Information
Processing
2-2
Introduction
IT Is Now a Part of Almost Every
Organization
Some IT systems simply process
transactions
 Some help managers make decisions
 Some support the interorganizational flow
of information
 Some support team work

2-3
Introduction
Lecture Focus
Organizations and Their Structures
 The Nature of Information in an Organization
(and Decentralized Computing)
 IT systems in an Organization and the Tasks
They Perform

2-4
An Organization
THE TRADITIONAL STRUCTURE
OF AN ORGANIZATION
STRATEGIC
TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL
NONMANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
2-5
An Organization
THE TRADITIONAL STRUCTURE
OF AN ORGANIZATION
1.STRATEGIC MGMT - provides overall direction
and guidance.
2.TACTICAL MGMT - develops the goals and
strategies outlined by strategic mgmt.
3.OPERATIONAL MGMT - manages and directs
the day-to-day operations.
4.NONMANAGEMENT - those people who
actually perform daily activities.
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Information
When Considering Information,
You Need to Understand...
The concept of shared information through
decentralized computing
 The directional flow of information
 What information specifically describes
 The information-processing tasks your
organization undertakes

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Information
SHARED INFORMATION AND
DECENTRALIZED COMPUTING
As late as the early 1980s, most organizations
exhibited centralized computing and isolated
information. That is...
Large
central mainframe computers that performed all tasks.
Separate files of information for each application or system.
So, computing power was centralized while information remained isolated.
Mainframe Computer
IBM Compatible
Workstation
Workstation
Ethernet
Workstation
Workstation
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Information
SHARED INFORMATION AND
DECENTRALIZED COMPUTING
During the early to mid 1980s, most
organizations exhibited decentralized computing
and isolated information. That is...
Smaller,
more powerful computers that were distributed to functional business areas.
These computers still maintained separate files of information for each application.
So, computing power was decentralized while information remained isolated.
Client/Server
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
Token Ring
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
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Information
SHARED INFORMATION AND
DECENTRALIZED COMPUTING
Sharing of information utilizing databases.
Database
IBM Compatible
Database
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
This
bringing together of information is accomplished by using
databases.
Databases support the concept of shared information.
So, computing power is now decentralized and information is
shared.
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Information

Upward Flow of Information - current info

Downward Flow of Information - directions/goals
from higher ups
Horizontal Flow of Information - between functional
business units and work teams.

See Figure 2.5 on page 46
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Information
WHAT INFORMATION DESCRIBES
INTERNAL INFORMATION - describes
specific operational aspects of the
organization.
 EXTERNAL INFORMATION - describes the
environment surrounding the organization.
 OBJECTIVE INFORMATION - quantifiably
describes something that is known.
 SUBJECTIVE INFORMATION - attempts to
describe something that is currently unknown.

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Information
INFORMATION-PROCESSING
TASKS
1.Capturing information - at its point of origin.
2.Conveying information - in its most useful
form.
3.Creating information - to obtain new
information.
4.Cradling information - for use at a later time.
5.Communicating information - to other
people or another location.
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Information
Ways of Creating Information
1.TRANSACTION PROCESSING - the
processing of transactions that occur within an
organization.
– Example: computing payroll and sales tax
2.ANALYTICAL PROCESSING - creating
information to support your decision-making
tasks.
– Example: how to allocate investment dollars
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IT Systems
THE SEVEN IT SYSTEMS IN AN
ORGANIZATION
1.Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
2.Customer Integrated Systems (CIS)
3.Management Information Systems (MIS)
4.Workgroup Support Systems (WSS)
5.Decision Support Systems (DSS) & Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
6.Executive Information Systems (EIS)
7.Interorganizational Systems (IOS)
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TPSs
a system that processes transactions that
occur within an organization.
Capturing information
Creating information
Cradling information
Conveying information (secondary)
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TPSs
TPS CHARACTERISTICS
Heart of every organization.
 Provide the primary interface to
customers.
 Found in all functions of an
organization.
 If they fail, the whole organization
suffers.

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CISs
an extension of a TPS that places technology in
the hands of an organization’s customers and
allows them to process their own transactions.
Capturing information
Creating information
Cradling information
Communicating information
Conveying information (secondary)
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CISs
CIS CHARACTERISTICS
Are at the very heart of every organization.
 Are the new primary interface to customers.
 Represent a further decentralization of
computing power by placing that power in the
hands of customers.
 Will forever change the relationship between
organization and customer.

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MISs
a system that provides periodic and
predetermined reports that summarize
information within a database.
Creating information
Conveying information
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MISs
MIS CHARACTERISTICS
Alert people to the existence of problems or
opportunities.
 Report Types:

– PERIODIC - produced at a predetermined time interval.
– SUMMARIZED - aggregate information in some way.
– EXCEPTION - show only a subset of available
information.
– COMPARATIVE - show two or more sets of similar
information.
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WSSs
a system that is designed specifically to improve
the performance of teams by supporting the
sharing and flow of information.
Communicating information
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WSSs
WSS CHARACTERISTICS
Supports the sharing, dissemination, and flow
of information.
 Supports both:

– Project teams - that solve a specific problem or
take advantage of a specific opportunity and then
disband to move on to other projects.
– Permanent teams - people from all departments
that perform a flow of work consistently.

Contains groupware.
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WSSs
GROUPWARE
the popular term for the software that supports
the collaborative efforts of a team.
Groupware Supports Three Functions:
(See Figure 2.11 page 58)
1. Team Dynamics
2. Document Management
3. Applications Development
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WSSs
GROUPWARE SUPPORT FOR
TEAM DYNAMICS
Email
 ELECTRONIC MEETING SUPPORT shared scheduling, NetMeeting

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WSSs
ELECTRONIC MEETING
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
GROUP SCHEDULING - shared schedules
 ELECTRONIC MEETING - online virtual meeting
 VIDEOCONFERENCING - allows “face-to-face”
 Electronic WHITEBOARD

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WSSs
GROUPWARE SUPPORT FOR
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT

GROUP DOCUMENT DATABASE – Contains documents from many teams
– Supports many levels of security
– Can store information in a variety of forms
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WSSs
GROUPWARE SUPPORT FOR
APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT

APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT FACILITIES
- a wealth of basic building blocks that you can
use to create applications quickly, so teams
can literally “get to work.”
– Prewritten - commonly performed functions
– Programming tools - for creating unique applications
– WORK FLOW AUTOMATION SOFTWARE designed to automate the flow of business documents in
a specific work process or procedure.
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DSS & AI
DSS - designed to support decision making when
the problem is not structured.
AI - the science of making machines imitate
human thinking and behavior.
Creating information
Conveying information (secondary)
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DSS & AI
DSSs AND AI INCLUDE...
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
(GIS) - a DSS designed specifically to work
with spatial information.
 GENETIC ALGORITHM - an AI system that
mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest
process to generate increasingly better
solutions to a problem.
 EXPERT SYSTEM - an AI system that applies
reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion.

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EISs
a highly interactive MIS combined with decision
support systems and artificial intelligence for
helping managers identify and address problems
and opportunities.
Creating information
Conveying information
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EISs
EIS CHARACTERISTICS
Make use of a data warehouse.
 Support drill down capabilities.
 Help identify information responsibility.
 Use DSS and AI tools.
 Provide access to a variety of information.

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IOSs
automates the flow of information between
organizations to support the planning, design,
development, production, and delivery of
products and services.
Communicating information
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IOSs
IOS CHARACTERISTICS
Supports ELECTRONIC DATA
INTERCHANGE (EDI) - the direct computer-tocomputer transfer of transaction information
contained in standard business documents.
 Allows many organizations to create an
economies of scale in technology.
 Provides a way for organizations to team up
and create new products and services.

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TO SUMMARIZE

Organizations:
– Consist of various levels of management and
nonmanagement employees
– Have depth

Shared Information Through Decentralized
Computing
– All an organization’s information is made available to
anyone who needs it (shared information).
– Computing power is spread throughout the organization
(decentralized computing).
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TO SUMMARIZE
Information in an organization flows upward,
downward, and horizontally.
 Information can be internal, external, objective,
subjective, or some combination of the four.
 Information-processing tasks include
capturing, conveying, creating, cradling, and
communicating.
 Transaction processing and analytical
processing are both ways to create
information.

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TO SUMMARIZE
CAPTURE CONVEY CREATE CRADLE COMMUNICATE
TPS
XX
XX
XX
CIS
XX
XX
XX
MIS
XX
XX
WSS
XX
DSS&AI
EIS
IOS
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX