Transcript Student Version

Reporting Category 1:Cell Structure and Function
B.4 The student knows that Cells are the basic structures
of all living things with specialized parts that perform
specific functions and that viruses are different from
cells.
(A) Compare and Contrast
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Organization of Organisms
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•
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Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Give examples of each type.
Cells
• A cell is the basic unit of life.
• All living organisms are composed of cells.
• Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• Cells contain hereditary information which is passed
on during cell division
• Cells have similar chemical composition.
• Energy flows within the cell (metabolism).
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes
• Plant vs. Animal Cells
Prokaryotes
• Prokaryotes are unicellular
organisms, found in all
environments and are the
largest group of organisms,
mostly due to the vast array
of bacteria which comprise
the bulk of the prokaryote
classification.
Characteristics:
• No nuclear membrane (genetic
material dispersed throughout
cytoplasm)
• No membrane-bound
organelles
• Simple internal structure
• Most primitive type of cell
Examples:
• Staphylococcus
• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Prokaryotes
Source: Organism, McGraw Hill
Structure and Function of parts:
A. F
B. Cell M
C. Cell W
D. C
E. N
F. C
G. R
H. P
Eukaryotes
• Eukaryotes are generally
more advanced than
prokaryotes. Members of
the kingdoms Protista, Fungi,
Plantae (plants) and
Animalia (animals) all have
eukaryotic.
Characteristics:
• Nuclear membrane
surrounding genetic material
• Numerous membrane-bound
organelles
• Complex internal structure
Examples:
• Paramecium
• Multi-cellular organism cells
Eukaryotes - Animal
Source: Animal Cell, Nancy Kellogg
Structure and Function of Parts:
A. G
A
B. N
C. N
M
D. M
E. V
F. Cell M
G. Smooth E
R
H. N
I. R
J. Rough E
R
K. C
L. L
Eukaryotes - Plant
Source: Plant Cell, Carol Allen, Franklin Public Schools
Structure and Functions of parts:
A. N
B. N
C. N
M
D. R
ER
E. S
ER
F. V
G. C
M
H. C
W
I. C
J. M
K. C
L. G
A
M. R
Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
What is the major difference
between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?
Plants vs. Animals
What are the major differences between an animal cell and a
plant cell?
Comparing Types of Cells
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleoid Region
Nucleolus
Pili
Ribosomes
Parts of a Cell
• Cell Membrane –
• Cytoplasm • Nucleus -
• Nuclear Membrane • Chloroplasts:
Parts of a Cell
• Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes • Golgi Bodies -
• Mitochondria • Lysosomes • Vacuoles • Cell Wall:
Reporting Category 1:Cell Structure and Function
B.4 The student knows that Cells are the basic structures
of all living things with specialized parts that perform
specific functions and that viruses are different from
cells.
(B) Investigate and explain cellular processes, including
homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of
molecules, and synthesis of new molecules.
Cellular Transport
•Plasma membrane controls homeostasis (balance)
•Structure –
•Function –
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/739/flashcards/689739/jpg/negative_feedback_loop1316032459185.jpg
Types of Passive Transport – no energy required
1) Diffusion – moves substances from high to low
concentrations down their concentration gradient
2) Osmosis – the diffusion of water from high to lower water
concentrations down its concentration gradient
Ex) cell in salt water – shrivels
Ex) cell in fresh water swells
3) Facilitated diffusion – movement of a substance down its
concentration through a transport protein channel
Active Transport – requires energy – moves substances
against the concentration gradient from low to high
concentrations
Photosynthesis
• The process used by producers to convert sunlight to chemical
energy in glucose
• Overall equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Occurs in the palisade layer of leaves (yellow layer under the
upper epidermis)
Large numbers of chloroplasts are found in these mesophyll cells.
Chloroplasts are the cellular site of photosynthesis. The light
reaction of photosynthesis occurs on the inner membrane called
the thylakoid. The dark reaction (aka Calvin Cycle) occurs in the
stroma
Pigments absorb light energy
Chlorophyll / carotenoids
Light Reaction
Dark Reaction
Input
light, water
ATP, CO2
NADPH
Output
O2, ATP
NADPH
GLUCOSE
Cellular Respiration
•Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down
food to release its energy. This energy is then stored in ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate)
•Three parts to ATP
1) adenine (Nbase)
2) ribose (5-C sugar)
3) 3 phosphates (high energy)
• ATP/ADP cycle – when energy is needed for cell work ATP loses a
phosphate to become ADP
• Overall equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
O2 required
no O2 required
most organisms are aerobes
few anaerobes
(yeast/bacteria)
38 ATP
2 ATP
3 steps
2 steps
1. glycolysis
1. glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
2. fermentation
3. electron transport
(alcoholic and lactic acid)
Glycolysis is the first step of both forms of respiration and occurs in
the cytoplasm
If no oxygen is present after glycolysis, then fermentation occurs
If oxygen is present, then the Krebs cycle and e-transport occur in
the mitochondria
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/800px-CellRespiration.svg.png
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_tgJcOkqg6ZM/TMX997ESh0I/AAAAAAAAABQ/hGFh15EL-88/s1600/KrebsCycle.png
http://www.personal.psu.edu/smh5089/blogs/henning/chemios_il.jpg
Reporting Category 1:Cell Structure and Function
B.4 The student knows that cells are the basic structures
of all living things with specialized parts that perform
specific functions and that viruses are different from
cells.
(C) Compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe
viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in
causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) and influenza
Viruses
• A virus is a nonliving particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and
sometimes lipids.
• Viruses are not-living because they do not have the ability to
reproduce on their own. They must be inside a host cell in order
to reproduce.
• Viruses differ widely in terms of size and structure. Most viruses
are so small they can be seen only with the aid of a powerful
electron microscope.
Source: Flu Virus, Lenny Stoute, Digital Journal
Source: Bacteriaphage, Texas A&M University
Viruses vs. Eukaryotes
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DNA/RNA
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Cell
Membrane
• Ribosomes
• Capsid
Lytic Cycle of Viruses
•Most viruses reproduce through a process called lytic infection.
•During lytic infection a virus enters the host cell, makes a copy of
itself, and causes the cell to burst, or lyse.
Lysogenic Infection
• A lysogenic virus does not cause the cell wall to burst right away.
• Instead, a lysogenic virus is inactive for a period of time.
• In lysogenic infection, the viral nucleic acid is inserted into the
host's DNA, where it is copied along with the host DNA.
• Virus DNA multiplies as the host cells multiply.
• Each new daughter cells created are infected with the virus.
• Virus DNA that becomes embedded in the host's DNA is called
a prophage.
• The prophage may remain part of the DNA of the host cell for
many generations.
Influences from the environment such as radiation, heat,
and certain chemicals trigger the prophage to become
active.
It then removes itself from the host DNA and enters the
lytic cycle.
Bacteria vs. Viruses
• Bacteria are minute life forms
which can cause infections in
humans.
• Bacteria have the ability to
adapt quickly to their
surroundings.
• Their goal is to survive and
multiply.
• This ability to adapt to their
surroundings is the basis of
antibiotic resistance.
• Surviving contact with that
antibiotic allows the bacteria
to resist it in future contacts.
• A virus is an infectious agent,
smaller than bacteria, which
requires the cells of a living
organism to grow or reproduce.
• Viruses cause a variety of
infectious diseases, among
them the common cold,
diarrhea, chicken pox, yellow
fever, most childhood
respiratory diseases and the
majority of infections of the
upper respiratory passages.
In animal cells like the one shown below,
which organelle is used for storing water?
Some bacteria in ground beef can cause
illness when consumed. Based on the
information in the label below, these bacteria
can survive and rapidly multiply only -
The photograph below shows a virus attacking a
human T cell (immune cell).
Which disease could result if many T cells are
destroyed in this manner?