Transcript CHAPTER 18 DIVERSITY AND VARIATION

TAXONOMY
 THE STUDY OF CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
 SPECIESA GROUP OF ORGANISMS THAT CAN REPRODUCE
AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING, UNDER NATURAL
CONDITIONS
 A TIGRON IS NOT A SPECIES BUT A CROSS OF TWO DIFFERENT
ONESA MALE TIGER AND
A FEMALE LION
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MEMBERS OF A SPECIES
VARIATIONS
 THE BASIS FOR
EVOLUTION
 NATURAL SELECTION
 BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
TYPES OF
VARIATION
 INDIVIDUALGENETIC
DIFFERENCES BASED ON
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF A
SPECIES
 GEOGRAPHICDIFFERENCES
BASED UPON LARGE
GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS WITH
DISTINCT LOCAL
ENVIRONMENTS PHYSICAL
DIFFERENCES OF HUMANS,
DARWIN’S FINCHES
 POLYMORPHISMDIFFERENC
E IN FORM OF A POPULATION
(MALES AND FEMALES, THE
PEPPERED MOTH)
THE CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM
 CAROLUS LINNAEUS
 FROM LARGEST TO
SMALLEST
 MORE SPECIFIC AS YOU
GO DOWN
 THE GENUS AND SPECIES
NAMES MAKE UP EACH
ORGANISM’S
NAMEBINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE (IN
ITALICS, GENUS
CAPITALIZED, SPECIES
LOWERCASE)
 EXAMPLE Homo sapiens
EVIDENCE FOR
CLASSIFICATION
1. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
 DIFFERENT STRUCTURE BUT SAME
FUNCTION THAT DOES NOT INDICATE
RELATED ANCESTRY
 EXBUTTERFLY WINGS AND BIRD
WINGS
 HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
2. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
 STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS THAT
INDICATE RELATED ANCESTRY AND
HAVE THE SAME STRUCTURE BUT
DIFFERENT FUNCTION
 EXFORELIMB STRUCTURE
3. COMPARATIVE
BIOCHEMISTRY
 DNA, BLOOD CHEMICALS
THAT ARE SIMILAR IN
DIFFERENT SPECIES
 *2 AND 3 ARE CALLED
HOMOLOGIES*
WAYS TO SHOW
CLASSIFICATION
 PHYLOGENTIC TREE
 CLADOGRAM
 DICHOTOMOUS KEY
 PHYLOGENETIC TREE
 A DIAGRAM OF
“BRANCHES”
SHOWING
EVOLUTIONARY
RELATIONSHIPS
AMONG ORGANISMS
 CLADOGRAM
 A DIAGRAM WHICH SHOWS WHICH ORGANISMS ARE
RELATED IN THEIR ANCESTRY BY CHARACTERISTICS OR
TRAITS
 DICHOTOMOUS KEY
 A TOOL USED TO IDENTIFY ORGANISMS BASED ON
THEIR CHARACTERISTICS/TRAITS. TWO CHOICES ARE
GIVEN AT EACH STEP.
ANIMALIA
 HETEROTROPHIC
 MULTICELLULAR
 EUKARYOTIC
 REPRODUCE SEXUALLY
 VERTEBRATES AND
INVERTEBRATES
 MOST WIDELY REPRESENTED
ARE THE ARTHROPODS
PLANTAE
 AUTOTROPHIC
 MULTICELLULAR
 EUKARYOTIC
 HAVE CELL WALLS
AND CHLOROPLASTS
FUNGI
 HETEROTROPHIC
 EUKARYOTIC
 OFTEN
DECOMPOSERS
 YEAST AND MOLDS,
MUSHROOMS
PROTISTA
 UNICELLULAR AND
MULTICELLULAR
 AUTOTROPHIC
AND
HETEROTROPHIC
 EUKARYOTIC
 MOST DIVERSE
MONERA
 PROKARYOTIC
 USUALLY UNICELLULAR
 MADE UP OF
EUBACTERIA AND
ARCHAE
 IN GREATEST NUMBER
CLASSIFICATION
QUIZ FORMAT
33 POINTS
 31 MULTIPLE
CHOICE
 2 SHORT ANSWER
(FROM HW)
 2 BONUS SHORT
ANSWER (FROM
HW)