Transcript AP Biology Designing Controlled Experiments

Welcome to AP Biology 
 Agenda: 8/26/13
Registration
 Course Expectations
 Student Info Sheets / Safety Contracts
 AP Bio info
 HW – Student Survey

AP Biology
AP Biology
 Class Expectations found on Durango
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Website http://www.durangohighschool.net/
Course Information, supplemental
materials, AP test info go to
www.collegeboard.com
Online Textbook/Notes go to
http://www.coursenotes.org/Biology/Slides/Campbells_Biolog
y_7th_Edition
AP Biology
Course Expectations
Signature Page &
Safety Contracts due
WEDNESDAY!!!
st
1
AP Biology
AP lab is Thurs & Fri
Course Break Down (Learning Objectives)
 Big Idea 1: Evolution
The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
 Big Idea 2: Cellular Processes: Energy and
Communication
Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building
blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic
homeostasis.
 Big Idea 3: Genetics and Information Transfer
Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to
information essential to life processes.
 Big Idea 4: Interactions
Biological systems interact, and these systems and their
interactions possess complex properties.
AP Biology Test
 Monday, May 12
 http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/biology/exam.html?biology
 Multiple Choice (63 questions) & Grid-In (6
questions, math)
90 minutes
 50%

 Free Response (2 Long-FR, 6 Short-FR)
80 minutes + 10 minute reading period
 50%
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AP Biology
AP Bio Binder  a must-have!
Experimental Design
 3-ring binder (2-inch 1.
2. Carbon/Biomolecules
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or two smaller ones)
Loose-leaf paper
16 tabs=AP Biology
Units 2013-2014
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
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15.
16.
Energy/Enzymes
Cells
Cell Transport
Cell Signaling
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cell Cycle
Genetics
DNA
Protein Synthesis
Gene Regulation
Evolution
Animal Form & Function
Ecology
Homework – Student Survey
 On a separate sheet of paper please
tell me about yourself in 1 page.
Must include the following:
 Interests/hobbies/family
 Past Science courses
 How you learn best / learning style
 Goals for AP Biology
 Goals for your future
 Due Tomorrow!
AP Biology
Welcome to AP Biology ~ Day 2
 Agenda: 8/27/13
Collect Student Info Sheets/Safety Contracts
 Review Safety/Sci Method
 Designing a Controlled Experiment
 HW –Study of Life Review PowerPoint
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Quiz 1 will be next WEDNESDAY (9/4/13)
 Covers review materials: Study of Life Review,
Lab Safety, Scientific Method, Designing a
Controlled Experiment/Experimental Design
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Lab Safety Tour
 Questions?
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The Scientific Method
&
Experimental Design
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What is Inquiry?
 Begins with observations you make about
the natural world, followed by a question.
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What is causing that?
 Use a variety of methods to answer the
questions you raise
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Lab & field investigations, models,
simulations, data sets
 Scientific method of investigation is
cyclic, not linear…why?
AP Biology
The Scientific Method:
1. Make Observation
2. Statement of problem, ask a question
3. Hypothesis: propose a tentative answer
4. Design & conduct an experiment
(Use quantifiable data  math is extremely important)
5. Use statistical tests to evaluate the
significance of your results
(Χ2 test, null hypothesis)
6. Acceptance or rejection of hypothesis.
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Data
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Are recorded observations
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Can be quantitative or qualitative
Figure 1.24
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The Role of Hypotheses in Inquiry
 In science, a hypothesis
Is a tentative answer to a well-framed
question, an explanation on trial
 Makes predictions that can be tested
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 We all use
hypotheses in
solving
everyday
problems
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis # 1:
Dead batteries
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Test prediction
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Figure 1.25
Test falsifies hypothesis
Hypothesis # 2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing bulb
will fix problem
Test prediction
Test does not falsify hypothesis
A Closer Look at Hypotheses in
Scientific Inquiry
 A scientific hypothesis must have two
important qualities
It must be testable
 It must have the potential of being rejected
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"No amount of experimentation can ever prove me
right, one single experiment can prove me wrong."
--- Albert Einstein.
AP Biology
Designing Controlled Experiments
 In controlled experiments we start
with two (or more) groups that are as similar
as possible and we devise a method to
manipulate only ONE variable.
 Independent Variable =the variable

that is manipulated
Dependent Variable = the response
that is measured
AP Biology
Null Hypothesis
 The premise that any observed
differences are simply the result of
random differences
 When quantified observations, or data,
are collected, statistical methods are
used to calculate the likelihood that the
null hypothesis is correct.
AP Biology
Designing a Controlled Experiment
 Labs, Inquiry, and Lab Reports are a
HUGE part of AP Biology
 You may work with ONE partner in this
activity to review the components of a
controlled activity. Each student must
complete their own booklet.
 At the end, you will practice designing
your own controlled experiment.
 You will have some class time today
and tomorrow, Due Thursday!
AP Biology
8/27/13 HOMEWORK
 Read through the following Biology
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Review PowerPoint.
Make sure that you
remember/understand EVERYTHING
If not, be prepared to ask questions
tomorrow!
 This material will be covered on your
first quiz!
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AP Biology
Study of Life
Themes
AP Biology
2007-2008
Themes
 Science as a process of
inquiry

questioning & investigation
 Evolution
 Energy transfer
 Continuity & Change
 Relationship of structure to function
 Regulation
 Interdependence in nature
 Science, technology & society
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Science as a process of inquiry
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Science as a process of inquiry
 Built on repeatable observations &
testable, falsifiable hypotheses
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Falsifiable
 A hypothesis is falsifiable if you can
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design and perform and experiment to
show you that it is wrong, if it is wrong
(meaning, it can be tested).
EXAMPLES:
Falsifiable – Increasing the amount of
water given to a plant will increase its
growth
 NOT Falsifiable –
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 Giving a plant more water will make it
happier.
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Evolution
 Core theme of biology
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Charles Darwin
Natural selection
 Evolutionary change is a
product of the process of
natural selection
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Organisms
don’t adapt;
Organisms have
adaptations.
"Nothing in biology
makes sense except in
the light of evolution."
-- Theodosius Dobzhansky
March 1973
Geneticist, Columbia University
(1900-1975)
AP Biology
2007-2008
Evolution explains unity & diversity
 Unity

what do organisms have in common &
why do similarities exist?
 common biochemistry & physiology
 evolutionary relationships
 connected through common ancestor
 Diversity
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but why are there
differences?
 natural selection
 adaptations allow different
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individuals to survive
in different environments
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Organizing systems
 Making sense out of the diversity
 Hierarchical
scheme
Eastern gray squirrel
AP
Sciurus
Biology
carolinensis
3 Domains of Life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Bacteria
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Archaea
Eukarya
Energy transfer
 Life is an open system
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need input of energy
 energy flows through
 energy comes in,
energy goes out
 need a constant input
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need input of materials
 nutrients are recycled
around & around
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DECOMPOSERS
ENTROPY RULES!
RULE, too!
nutrients
Energy utilization
You think
they’re eating…
They’re harvesting
energy!
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Continuity & change
 Continuity of life is based on heritable
information in the form of DNA
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DNA – the genetic
material – carries
biological information
from one generation
to the next
You
can make more,
a lot like you!
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T
R
A
I
T
Structure and function
 The alignment of structure & function is
seen at all levels of biology
organism
cell
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organ
organelle
Regulation
 Organisms need to maintain a “steady state”
in the face of changing conditions
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Homeostasis
achieve this through feedback
 monitor the body like a thermostat
 turn on when it’s needed, off when its not
AP Biology
Interdependence in Nature
 No organism is an island standing alone
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communities, ecosystems
Science, technology & society
 Science & technology must function within
the rules of society
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AP Biology
ethics
Themes
 Science as a process of
inquiry

questioning & investigation
 Evolution
 Energy transfer
 Continuity & Change
 Relationship of structure to function
 Regulation
 Interdependence in nature
 Science, technology & society
AP Biology
Why study themes of Biology?
 Biology is an ever expanding body of
knowledge
too much to memorize it all
 need to generalize
 create a framework upon which to
organize new knowledge
 themes are the key to understanding
the nature of living organisms
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AP Biology
Homework
 Be sure to write down any questions
you may have and bring to class
tomorrow!
AP Biology
Agenda: Wed 8/28/13
 Collect any signature pages
 Review Data collection & Graphing
 Homework – Finish Designing a
Controlled Experiment
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DUE TOMORROW!
***Quiz 1 will be next WEDNESDAY (9/4/13)
 Covers review materials: Study of Life
AP Biology
Review, Lab Safety, Scientific Method,
Designing a Controlled
Experiment/Experimental Design
Data Tables &
Graphing Review
AP Biology
Working with DATA
 When you work with data during an experiment,
you need to:
Make accurate and precise measurements.
 Account for error in measured values
 Develop techniques and consistency for
collecting data
 Understand the units and properties of the data.

 Make observations of trends and patterns in the data.
 Produce visual representation of data, GRAPHS and
CHARTS.
AP Biology
Working with Data Continued
 When you work with data during an
experiment, you need to:
Use mathematical equations to model
data.
 Use mathematical models to make
predictions of trends.
 Test the fitness of models using statistical
tests.

AP Biology
What type of graph is best/most
commonly used in scientific
research?
LINE GRAPH!!!!
AP Biology
Introduction to Graphing Techniques
AP Biology
Introduction to Graphing Techniques
 Identify the independent and dependent variable.
 The independent variable is carefully controlled and
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varied by a specific amount during an experiment. It is
plotted on the x-axis.
The dependent variable must be measured every time
the independent variable is changed during the
experiment. It is plotted on the y-axis.
Choose your scale carefully (must be consistent
intervals). Make your graph as large as possible by
spreading out the data on each axis. Let each square
grid on your axis represent a convenient interval. Do not
number every grid on your axis.
Plot each point as a dark dot
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Intro to Graphing Techniques cont.
 Label each axis with the name of the variable and the
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units of measure. Using a ruler, darken the lines
representing the axis.
Use a pencil and a ruler when drawing the axis for your
graph.
Title your graph. The title should be short and clearly
state the purpose of the graph. The title could include the
independent and dependent variables. General the titles
are written as the y variable vs. the x variable.
Use a single sheet of graph paper for each graph. Do not
use the back of a sheet graph paper.
If you have more than one graph, number each graph in
the upper right-hand corner.
AP Biology
Introduction to Graphing Techniques
AP Biology
Introduction to Graphing Techniques
 Examine the position of your data points.
Observe the pattern the data forms on the
graph.

From the pattern the data makes on the graph,
determine the type of relationship between the x
and y variables.
 Most times it will be best to use
a smooth continuous line
called a “best fit” line.
AP Biology
Drawing a “best fit” line.
 Your line should go through as many of the data points as
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possible. Use a ruler (if the line appears straight) and a
sharp pencil to draw a best fit line.
When you draw your “best fit” line and the data points do
not all fit on the line, draw the line so that there are equal
numbers of data points above and below the line you
draw. Try to draw the line so that it comes as close to all
data points as possible.
This may result in a line that curves!
If it is logical for the data to go through the origin, take your
best fit line all the way to the origin.
Draw your best fit line so that it goes a little past your last
data point.
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Direct Relationship
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Inverse Relationship
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Homework
 Homework – Finish Designing a
Controlled Experiment

DUE TOMORROW!
***Quiz 1 will be next WEDNESDAY (9/4/13)
 Covers review materials: Study of Life
Review, Lab Safety, Scientific Method,
Designing a Controlled
Experiment/Experimental Design
AP Biology
Agenda: Thur 8/29/13
 Collect any signature pages &
Homework: Finish Designing a
Controlled Experiment
 Mini-Posters
 Set Up AP Lab 12: Fruit Fly Behavior
***Quiz 1 will be next WEDNESDAY (9/4/13)
 Covers review materials: Study of Life
Review, Lab Safety, Scientific Method,
Designing a Controlled
Experiment/Experimental Design
AP Biology
AP Lab Investigation 12: Fruit Fly Behavior
 Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are commonly

used for scientific research, most famously in the
genetic studies of Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1907.
Lives throughout the world, feeds on fruit and fungi
growing on rotting fruit.
 Describe where and when you have seen fruit
flies?
 What environmental factors trigger a fruit fly
response?
AP Biology
Animals move in response to many different stimuli:
 Chemotaxis = movement in response to
the presence of a chemical stimulus
 Phototactic Response = movement in
response to light
 Geotactic Response = movement in
response to gravity
***Movements are described as positive
(towards stimuli) or negative (against or
away from stimuli)
AP Biology
Lab Groups (3-4…no more!!!!)
 Design your controlled Animal
Behavior experiment
 Complete Experimental Organizer

AP Biology
DUE TODAY  must be able to gather
all materials and have a thorough
procedure written before tomorrow’s lab
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
2005-2006
Mini-Poster Requirements
1. Title
2. Abstract (one paragraph to sum up the entire lab
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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experiment)
Introduction with primary question, background
context, and hypothesis
Methodology (procedure)
Results, including graphs, tables, charts, &
statistical analyses
Conclusions/Discussion, or your interpretations
of your results based on your hypothesis
Literature cited
AP Biology
Homework
 Lab 12 tomorrow!!! Work on Mini-Poster
***Quiz 1 will be next WEDNESDAY (9/4/13)
 Covers review materials: Study of Life Review,
Lab Safety, Scientific Method, Designing a
Controlled Experiment/Experimental Design
AP Biology
Agenda: Friday, 8/30/13
***Quiz 1 will be next WEDNESDAY (9/4/13)
 Covers review materials: Study of Life
Review, Lab Safety, Scientific Method,
Designing a Controlled
Experiment/Experimental Design
 Complete AP Lab 12, work on miniposter
AP Biology
Homework
Review for Quiz 1 which will be next
WEDNESDAY (9/4/13)
 Covers review materials: Study of Life
Review, Lab Safety, Scientific Method,
Designing a Controlled
Experiment/Experimental Design
 Tuesday you will have 15 minutes in
class to complete Lab 12 MiniPosters, work on for homework
AP Biology