Transcript CreationYes

The Scientific Case
For Creation
Dr. Heinz Lycklama
[email protected]
www.osta.com
“If I have seen further than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” Isaac Newton.
Overview
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Origins Models – Creation and Evolution
Looking at the Evidence
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Origin of matter, energy and natural law
Classification of biological organisms
Mutations and natural selection
Origin of man
Origin of life (probability)
The fossil record
Founders of Scientific Disciplines
Conclusions
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Origins - Evolution or Creation?
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“Science is the search for truth”
Hypothesis, theory, model, law, or fact?
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Fact – proven to be true
Law – no known exception
Theory – testable, falsifiable, based on empirical
findings
Hypothesis – provisionally explains some fact
Model – simplified representation of reality
Which is Evolution? Creation?
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A model – let’s see why …
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Models of Origins
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We can neither observe nor repeat “origins”
Origins “theories” cannot be tested or proven
We have two models (not theories) of origins
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Creation and evolution
Models can be compared as to their respective
capacities for correlating observable data
Evolutionists regard evolution as “a proven fact.”
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They believe that evolutionism is science and that
creationism is religion
Evolutionists are unable to prove evolution
Thousands of scientists believe in creation
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Evolution Model
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Cannot be proved:
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It operates too slowly to be measurable (if it is
taking place)
The scientific method cannot be used to measure it
Small variations in organisms, observed today, are
not relevant (can’t be used to distinguish between
creation and evolution)
Dr. Heribert-Nilsson, Director of the Botanical Institute at Lund
University, Sweden, said “My attempt to demonstrate evolution by
an experiment carried on for more than 40 years has completely
failed. … The idea of an evolution rests on pure belief.”
(Synthetische Artbildung, 1953).
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Evolution Model - 2
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Explains origin, development and meaning of
all things in terms of natural laws and processes
which operate today as they have in the past
No extraneous processes requiring an external
agent (i.e. a Creator) are permitted
The universe in all respects evolves itself into
higher levels of order (particles to people),
elements -> complex chemicals -> simple living
systems -> complex life -> man
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Creation Model
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Cannot be proved:
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Creation is not happening now, so far as
can be observed
The scientific method cannot repeat
creation
Cannot ascertain whether creation took
place (except through divine revelation)
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Creation Model - 2
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Involves a process of special creation in the
beginning
All the basic laws and categories of nature
brought into existence by special creative
processes which are no longer in operation
today
Distinct kinds exist today as they have
existed in the past
Processes of creation replaced by processes
of conservation
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Which Model Best Fits The Facts?
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Creation and Evolution are the only two
models of origins
Both models should be considered as equal
alternatives and evaluated objectively in terms
of their relative abilities to correlate and
explain scientific data
The model that incorporates the most data
and has the smallest number of unresolved
issues is the most likely to be true
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Looking At The Scientific Evidence
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Origin of matter, energy and natural law
Origin of the solar system
Teleology – study of evidences of design
in nature, e.g. Anthropic Principle
Classification of biological organisms
Mutations and Natural Selection (vestigal
organs)
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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The Scientific Evidence - 2
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Origin of man
Origin of life – probability
The fossil record
Geologic ages – Uniformitarianism vs.
Catastrophism
Age of the world (earth/universe)
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Origin of Matter, Energy &
Natural Law
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Evolution model predicts:
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Matter, energy and laws are still evolving
Must have evolved in the past since there is no
external agent to bring evolution to a stop
Systems can evolve to higher levels of complexity
Creation model predicts:
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Basic laws would not now be changing
Fundamental nature of matter and energy would
not now be changing
Finished in the past, conserved in the present
Matter should go from order to disorder
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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First Cause – Divine or Matter?
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The First Cause of Limitless Space – must be infinite
The First Cause of Endless Time – must be eternal
The First Cause of Boundless Energy – must be omnipotent
The First Cause of Universal Interrelationships – must be
omnipresent
The First Cause of Infinite Complexity – must be omniscient
The First Cause of Moral Values – must be moral
The First Cause of Spiritual Values – must be spiritual
The First Cause of Human Responsibility – must be volitional
The First Cause of Human Integrity – must be truthful
The First Cause of Human Love – must be loving
The First Cause of Life – must be living
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Conceptual Systems of Science
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Cause and Effect - an omnipotent Creator is an
adequate cause for all observable effects in the universe
Energy Conservation – energy can be converted from
one form into another, but can neither be created nor
destroyed
Classification and Order - table of chemical elements,
biological taxonomy, hierarchy of star types. All
entities are in a state of flux in the evolution model
Processes - all processes are well-defined and orderly.
If not, there is no point to scientific study. Creation
predicts “purpose” and “meaning”
These systems all favor the creation model!
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Conceptual Systems of Science - 2
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Forces and Fields - types of forces in nature
(electromagnetic, gravitational, nuclear and weak)
have always acted the same from the beginning.
These forces did not evolve
Environmental Interdependence – the environment
coupled with natural selection constitutes a powerful
mechanism to conserve the created kinds and balance
of nature
Energy Decay – changes always tend to go in a
“downward” direction such that there results a net
decrease in the “availability” of the converted energy
for further useful work
These systems all favor the creation model!
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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The Laws of Nature
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Everything in the universe is bound by laws
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Physics, chemistry, mathematics, life, logic
Universal constants, planetary motion
Laws of nature are uniform throughout the universe
Explain the logical orderly state of the universe
Consequences of laws of nature
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Laws require a law-giver
Laws of nature are consistent with creation
Laws of nature make science possible!
“ordinances of heaven and earth” Jer. 33:25
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Laws of Logic
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Transcendent truths
Depended on by the laws of nature
Law of non-contradiction
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Make reasoning possible
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Cannot have both “A” and “not A” at the same
time and in the same relationship
God cannot contradict Himself, Num. 23:19
God is logical
Reflect God’s nature
Man, created in God’s image, instinctively knows
the laws of logic
Secularist cannot account for these laws
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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More On The Natural Laws
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The first two laws of thermodynamics are
constant:
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Other constant laws include:
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The total energy of any system remains the same
The entropy of a system increases over time
Law of gravity
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of electric charge
Did natural laws evolve?
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There is no evidence of this
Laws of nature are uniform throughout the cosmos
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Classification of
Biological Organisms
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The evolution model predicts:
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A continuum of all forms of life
No classification system would work
The creation model predicts:
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An array of clear, but distinct organisms
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similar structures for similar functions, e.g. eyes
different structures for different functions, e.g. gills for fish,
lungs for man
Science of taxonomy
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distinct kinds/species
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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The Science of Taxonomy
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The science of taxonomy is a problem for
evolution
The classification system introduced by Carolus
Linnaeus applies to plants/animals in today’s
world as well as to extinct plants and animals
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A continuum of life forms does not exist
Intermediates have not been observed and/or
identified in the fossils
The classification system introduced by Linnaeus
still works today
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Quoting an Evolutionist
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The anti-creationist, Niles Eldredge, wrote
in 1985:
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“And though a few of these eighteenthcentury systematists had vaguely
evolutionary notions, nearly all were devoutly
and orthodoxly religious. They saw the order
in their material, the grand pattern of
similarity running through the entire organic
realm, as evidence of God’s plan of creation.”
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Historical Classification
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Recent Molecular Studies
“Comparisons that have
been made of proteins,
rRNA and genes reveal
that creatures that are
allegedly close relatives
according to the theory of
evolution are actually
totally distinct from each
other. Various studies
grouped rabbits with
primates instead of
rodents, and cows with
whales instead of horses.”
Elizabeth Pennisi, Science Vol. 284, May 1999
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Classification Observations
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What we do see is:
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Variations within species, e.g. varieties of cats,
dogs, cows, horses, mankind
No new kinds produced
Some species become extinct
Like begets like
Cambrian fossils reflect today’s classification
system
Chalk up another one for the Creation Model!
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Mutations &
Natural Selection
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Evolution model predicts:
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Small variations between members of a species
would confer differing degrees of advantage or
disadvantage in the struggle for existence
Those with significant advantages would be favored
New and higher types of organisms would emerge
A mutation (structural change in a gene) is the
source of genetic variation
Mutations are primarily beneficial
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Mutations & Natural Selection - 2
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Creation model predicts:
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Variation and natural selection work to
assure genetic integrity and to enable the
organism to survive in nature
Characteristics can be adjusted, within
limits, to changes in the environment
Mutations are primarily harmful
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Change and Variation
What is the more
logical inference
from our observations?
1.
2.
Unlimited change
from one kind to
another? (Evolution)
Limited variation
within kinds?
(Creation)
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Changes Over the Years?
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25-million-year-old termite
fossils in amber
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Identical to termites living today
Darwin predicted that fossils
would show changes in fossil
record over the years
“It has become abundantly clear
that the fossil record will not
confirm this part of Darwin’s
predictions.”
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Niles Eldredge, Paleontoligist
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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What We See Happening Today
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Variations within a kind, e.g. peppered moth
“evolving” to darker color as tree trunks grew
darker with pollutants during industrial revolution
Adaptation to the environment for survival
Mutations are harmful to the organism
Mutations are random and not directed
Mutations are rare in occurrence
Mutations almost always generate misfits which
soon die out
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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“Origin of Species” Never Observed
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All of Darwin’s evidences turn out to be descriptions
of creative adaptation, not origin
According to Niles Eldridge (1986):
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“Darwin, it is now become commonplace to
acknowledge, never really addressed the ‘origin of
species’ in his book of that title.”
Darwin never really cited the origin of a new species by
natural selection
The British evolutionist Colin Patterson noted:
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“No one has ever produced a species by mechanisms of
natural selection. No one has ever gotten near it and most
of the current argument in neo-Darwinism is about this
question.”
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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On Mutations & Natural Selection
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The philosopher Janus Koestler noted that:
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“The public continues to believe that Darwin
provided all the relevant answers by the magic
formula of random mutations plus natural selection
- quite unaware of the fact that random mutations
turned out to be irrelevant and natural selections a
tautology.”
Mutations turn out to be rare events, and most
of those are bad
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They do not lead to improvements in the species,
as evolution predicts
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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The Origin of Man
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Evolution model predicts:
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Molecules -> man
Man evolved from an ape
Creation model predicts:
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Man’s appearance has
remained largely the same
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Famous “Hominid” Fossils
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Neanderthal Man – 1856
Java Man – 1891
Piltdown Man – 1908
Nebraska Man – 1922
Ramapithecus – 1930
Lucy - 1974
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Neanderthal Man
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Fossil fragments first found in
France – 1856
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Neanderthal Man’s Site in Krapina, 1899-1999
Another almost complete skeleton found in 1908
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Skull cap and some limb bones
Diagnosed as human with deformed vertebrae
Reconstructed by Marcelle Boule to look ape-like
Based on pre-conceived evolutionary notions
Faulty reconstruction recognized in 1957
Neanderthal is now known to be fully human with a
bone deformity
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School textbooks still portray as man’s ancestor
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Lucy
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Discovered in 1974 by Donald
Johanson
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40% complete skeleton
Dated at 3.5 million years old
Evidence:
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Arm/leg ratio of 83.9 %
Hip/pelvis – walked upright
Knee joint – walked upright
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Lucy - 2
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Digging deeper, we find that:
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Leg bone broken in two places and one end
was crushed -> this invalidates the ratio
Hip/pelvis was incomplete, and thus reshaped
to make it look as if it walked upright
Knee joint was found over one mile away and
200 feet deeper in strata from rest of bones
Fossil remains of two different creatures
fitted to form a make-believe creature
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Summary of “Hominid” Fossils
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Neanderthal Man – accepted as homo
sapiens
Java Man – artificial construct
Piltdown Man – proven to be a hoax
Nebraska Man – an extinct pig
Ramapithecus – an orangutan
Lucy – make-believe creature
Another one for the Creation Model!
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Origin of Life - Probability
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What is the probability that an explosion in a
junk yard would “create” a car?
What is the probability of creating a Boeing
airplane from such an explosion?
What is the probability that 200 monkeys
pawing away at a typewriter could
“write” a Shakespearean play?
What is the probability of a protein
coming into being by chance?
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Proteins and Amino Acids
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Amino acids
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Proteins - the building blocks of life
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A few thousand types
Right- and left-handed
Large organic molecule
Contain 100’s to a few 1000 amino acids
Specified long sequences of amino acids
Contain 20 different left-handed amino acids
Crucial protein fact
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Absence, addition, or replacement of a single amino acid
in the structure of a protein causes protein to be useless
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Probability of Forming one Protein
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Take 200 parts and line them up in a specific order
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200! ways of aligning these parts = 10**375
Try a new alignment 1 billion times a second
Assuming 20 billion years of time, we have 20 * 10**18
seconds
The probability of finding the right alignment is
practically zero, i.e. 1 in 10**356
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Anything less than 1 in 10**50 is regarded as zero probability
Living organisms contain many more than 200 parts
Human being contains 60+ trillion cells
Only 10**80 “infinestimal” particles in the whole
universe
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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How Simple Can Life Be?
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Cell structure unknown by Darwin
Smallest bacteria
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482 genes
600 types of proteins
600,000 DNA
base pairs
Probability of chance
formation is zero!
Human genome
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3,000,000,000
base pairs
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Spontaneous Formation of Life?
“The likelihood of the spontaneous formation of
life from inanimate matter is one to a number
with 40,000 noughts after it. It is big enough to
bury Darwin and the whole theory of evolution.
There was no primeval soup, neither on this
planet nor on any other, and if the beginnings of
life were not random, they must therefore have
been the product of purposeful intelligence.”
Wickramasinghe, professor of applied mathematics and astronomy, UK
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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The Fossil Record
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The theory of evolution is based on two major
suppositions:
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Mutations and natural selection supposedly
provided the mechanism
The fossil record allegedly proved the “fact” of evolution
Fossils should “prove” evolution since the fossil
record has long been considered as the main
evidence for evolution
The creation model predicts that organisms
preserved as fossils will correspond to the same
classification system as applicable to present-day
plants and animals
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Fossil Predictions
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Evolution model predicts:
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Many preliminary forms
Many transitional forms
Randomly distributed gaps between present kinds and
transitional forms
Basic taxonomic categories should have been evolving
Creation model predicts:
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No preliminary forms
No transitional forms
Clear gaps between types
Same taxonomic categories as at present
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Fossil Record Quotes
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Darwin admitted in 1859:
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“Why then is not every geological formation and
every stratum full of such intermediate links?
Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely
graduated organic chain.”
Paul Moody wrote in a standard textbook:
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“So far as we can judge from the geologic record,
large changes seem usually to have arisen suddenly.
... fossil forms, intermediate between large
subdivisions of classification, such as orders and
classes, are seldom [read never] found.”
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Expected Transitional Forms
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Evolutionists say we should find
transitional forms:
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Single cell to multi-cell creatures
Invertebrate to vertebrate
Fish to reptile
Reptile to bird
Ape to man
To date no true transitional fossil forms
have been discovered
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Fully Formed
“It is considered likely that all the animal
phyla became distinct before or during
the Cambrian, for they all appear fully
formed, without intermediates connecting
one phylum to another.”
Futuyma, Douglas J. 1986. Evolutionary biology.
2d ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 325.
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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The Fossil Record Summarized
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Missing links are still missing
Different types of “living fossils” found
Sudden appearance of fully formed
fossils in the “Cambrian Explosion”
The same “kinds” still appear today
Some species are now extinct
No new kinds evolved
Supports the Creation Model!
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
48
Conclusions
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Laws of science consistent with Creationism
Signs of intelligence in the universe
The probability of life from non-life is zero
Abrupt appearance of fully-formed animals
The missing links are still missing
Man did not evolve from apes
Catastrophism explains the “geologic column”
There is NO credible evidence for evolution!
Science supports Creationism
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Scientific Disciplines Established
by Bible-Believing Scientists
Discipline
Scientist
Astronomy
Johann Kepler (1571-1630)
Bacteriology
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Chemistry
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
Computer
Science
Dynamics
Charles Babbage (17921871)
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Electrodynamics Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Scientific Disciplines Established
by Bible-Believing Scientists - 2
Discipline
Scientist
Electromagnetics Michael Faraday (17911867)
Natural History
John Ray (1627-1705)
Oceanography
Matthew Maury (1806-1873)
Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus (17071778)
Thermodynamics Lord Kelvin (1824-1907)
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
51
Thank you
for your
attention!
Dr. Heinz Lycklama
[email protected]
www.osta.com/creation
www.osta.com/apologetics
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Backup Slides
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Basic Predictions of The Models
Category
Basic Predictions of
Evolution Model
Basic Predictions of
Creation Model
Galactic universe
Galaxies changing
Structure of stars
Stars changing into other types Stars unchanged
Other heavenly bodies
Building up
Breaking down
Types of rock formations
Different in different “ages”
Similar in all “ages"
Appearance of life
Life evolving from non-life
Life only from life
Array of organisms
Continuum of organisms
Distinct kinds of organisms
Appearance of kinds of life New kinds appearing
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
Galaxies constant
No new kinds appearing
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Basic Predictions of The Models - 2
Category
Basic Predictions of
Evolution Model
Basic Predictions of
Creation Model
Mutations in organisms Beneficial
Harmful
Natural selection
Creative process
Conservative process
Fossil record
Innumerable transitions
Systematic gaps
Appearance of man
Ape-human intermediates
No ape-human
intermediates
Nature of man
Quantitatively superior to animals
Qualitatively distinct from
animals
Origin of civilization
Slow and gradual
Contemporaneous with man
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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The Laws of Physics
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Describe behavior of universe at its most
fundamental level
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How the universe operates today
How light propagates
How energy is transported
How gravity operates
How mass moves through space
Mathematical in nature
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F = ma
E = mc**2
[acceleration of mass]
[conservation of energy]
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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The Laws of Physics - 2
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Universal constants
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Strength of fundamental forces, e.g. gravity
Mass of fundamental particles, e.g. electron
Electromagnetic coupling constant makes
molecules possible
Anthropic Principle
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Laws of physics fine-tuned for human life
Derived laws of physics and chemistry
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Laws of Chemistry
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Life requires a specific chemistry
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Laws of chemistry just right for life
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Depend on laws of physics
Hydrogen and Oxygen react to form water
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Human body depends on chemical reactions
Information stored on long molecule – DNA
Special properties, e.g. ice floats
Elements organized into periodic table
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Properties of elements and compounds
Outermost electrons determine physical
characteristics of the atom
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Laws of Planetary Motion
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Kepler discovered that planets in our solar system
obey three laws of nature
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Planets orbit in ellipses
Planets sweep out equal
areas in equal times
Exact mathematical relationship
between planet’s distance from
the sun and its orbital period,
i.e. p**2 = a**3
Kepler’s laws also apply to orbit of moons
Laws of planetary motion are derived from laws
of gravity and motion (Newton)
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
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Laws of Mathematics
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Laws of physics are highly mathematical in nature
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Laws and principles of mathematics
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Would not work otherwise
Addition, multiplication, transitive, etc.
Commutative properties of addition/multiplication
Binomial theorem
Laws of mathematics
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Abstract, not attached to any specific part of the universe
A “transcendent truth”, not part of the physical universe
“Mathematics is the language in which the gods talk to people.” Plato
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
61
Nature of Mathematical Laws
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Secular view of law of mathematics
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Cannot account for the laws
Not part of the physical universe
Christian view of law of mathematics
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God’s nature is logical and mathematical
Any created universe is mathematical in nature
There is a God beyond the universe
Mathematics reflects the thoughts of God
Mathematics illustrates God’s immutability
Discovered by human beings, not invented
“Thinking God’s thoughts after Him” Kepler
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
62
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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2nd Law - The entropy of a system increases with time
Entropy is defined as “a measure of the quantity of energy
not capable of conversion into work”
2nd Law holds in the fields of classical thermodynamics
(unavailability of energy for further work), statistical
thermodynamics (decreased order of the system’s
structure), as well as in informational thermodynamics
(lost/distorted information)
Creation predicts and is supported by the First and Second
Laws of Thermodynamics
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
63
Conditions For Increasing
Complexity in an Open System
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Necessary, but not sufficient conditions:
1. Open System
2. Available Energy
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Additional requirements:
3. Mechanism for storing and converting incoming
energy
4. Program (to “direct” the growth of complexity)
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
64
Vestigal Organs
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At one time there were claimed to be 180 such
organs in man - appendix, tonsils, thymus gland,
pituitary gland, etc.
No useless vestiges of structures which were
useful in a former evolutionary stage
All “vestigial” organs in man now appear to
have a use
The argument that vestigial organs prove
evolution is no longer regarded as valid
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
65
Java Man
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Discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891
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In 1940 Dubois admitted
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Ape-like skull cap, and 3 teeth later on
Brain size of 900 cc (2/3 of ave. man)
Human-like thigh bone found 50 feet
away one year later
Assumed they went together
Fossils dated at 500,000 years (guesswork based on
assumed evolutionary model)
He found two human skulls in same area as the human
thigh bone – 30 years later
Java Man now regarded as an artificial construct
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Still in textbooks as support for evolution
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
66
Piltdown Man
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Fossil fragments found in 1908
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Part of a human skull and part of a
lower ape-like jaw
Estimated to be 500,000 years old
Discovered to be a fraud in 1953
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Lower jaw and tooth were from
orangutan
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Tooth had been filed
Parts of lower jaw broken to hide the
fact that it did not fit with the skull
Skull was dated at ~620 years old
and dyed to appear old
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
67
Nebraska Man
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Discovered in 1922
Dated to be one million
years old
Fossil was only a single tooth
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Complete model of Nebraska Man, his family
and environment was constructed
Tooth discovered to be pig’s tooth in 1928
Still cited as evidence for evolution in the
1940’s
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
68
Ramapithecus
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Found in India in 1930’s
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More fossil evidence found in 1970’s
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Considered a human ancestor
Based on some jaw fragments and a few
teeth
Baboons in Ethiopia have same teeth
structure as Ramapithecus
Now discarded as a possible “missing
link”
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Had been published as factual evidence
of human evolution worldwide
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
69
Ape To Man?
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In a Science Digest article written by Lyall
Watson, he states that:
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“The fossils that decorate our family tree are so scarce
that there are still more scientists than specimens. The
remarkable fact is that all the physical evidence we
have for human evolution can still be placed, with
room to spare, inside a single coffin.”
David Pilbeam and Steven Gould (two
evolutionists) report that:
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“Unfortunately, the fossil record of pongids (apes) is
nonexistent, making a glaring deficiency in the whole
story.”
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
70
Monkey Business
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Typing “Methinks it is like a weasel” from
Shakespeare’s Hamlet using 27 keys
Random typing by one monkey
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1 in 27**28 or 1 in 10**40
Dawkins’ solution
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Fix each letter in place once
correctly selected
Type in only remaining letters
Introduced “intelligence”
Not random, but contrived!
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
71
Probability of Synthesis
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Of DNA Molecule:
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Medium protein includes about 300 amino acids
Too complex to arise by chance [no matter how long
the time or how big the universe]
By gradual accretion
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System might advance from one part to a two-part
system, then to three parts, etc.
Requires each step to be immediately beneficial
Probability of success would be incalculably small
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
72
The Fossil Record - 3
“Creation and evolution, between them, exhaust
the possible explanations for the origin of living
things. Organisms either appeared on the earth
fully developed or they did not. If they did not
they must have developed from preexisting
species by some process of modification. If they
did appear in fully formed state, they must have
been created by some omnipotent intelligence.”
D. J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, 1983
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
73
The Fossil Record - 6
“I fully agree with your comments on the
lack of direct illustration of evolutionary
transitions in my book. If I knew of any,
fossil or living, I would certainly have
included them. . .I will lay it on the line,
There is not one such fossil for which one
might make a watertight argument.”
-- Dr. Colin Patterson, senior paleontologist
at the British Museum of Natural History
140 years after Darwin, and still no credible transition form!
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
74
Coelacanth – A “Living Fossil”
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Coelacanth fish
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Living specimens
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Known by paleontologists of 19th and
20th centuries from the fossil record
“Extinct” about 70 million years ago
Possible forerunner to first land animals
Found off west coast of
Madagascar in 1938
More found later
No longer considered a link in evolutionary chain
Another evolution “theory” debunked!
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
75