Transcript Intro to Course, Biology and Science

BI101: GENERAL BIOLOGY
SPRING, 2007
• Purpose of This Course
– “BI101 provides the opportunity for nonscience majors to
learn, by participating in lectures and laboratories, the
biological concepts and material that the Biology
Department faculty deems most critical to any educated
individual. In short, if you only take a single Biology course
while at Western Oregon University, this is it!!”
(BI101 Syllabus, Spring 2007)
• Topics to be Covered:
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Nature of Science
Evolution
Diversity
Ecology
Ch1
Ch14-17
Ch18-23
Ch39-41
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BI101: GENERAL BIOLOGY
SPRING, 2007
• Course Mechanics
READ YOUR SYLLABUS!!!!
• Key Points:
– Lab & Lecture
Lab Attendance
– Exam Dates & Grading
– Final Exam Date & Time
• NO ALTERNATIVES
Dept Policy
(position in LACC)
(last term’s grades)
Incomplete
• How to Succeed
– At least 2 hrs of study for every 1 hr in class (5 hrs in class)
WRITE the Answers to the Study Questions
FROM MEMORY
– Be Able to
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What is Science?
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One Process of Knowing
•
Based on Three Assumptions
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Results in Models of the Universe & Its Rules
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Theory = Scientific Model
•
Importance of Probability & Statistics
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Not Anecdotal
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Not the Only Way of Knowing
One Part of Each Individual’s “Metaphysic”
A Universe is Out There
It Operates According to Constant Rules
We Can Discover the Nature of the Universe and Its Rules
NOT the Universe
Analogous to a Map
Best Map Provides Most Accurate Predictions of the Terrain
Best Theories Make the Most Accurate, Dependable and Encompassing Predictions
Best Theory Predicts What Happens Most Often
Exceptions Weaken, but do Not Invalidate, the Theory
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“The Scientific Method”
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Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
– Variables
• Controlled
• Independent
• Dependent
– Experimental Situation
vs Control Situation
• Analysis
• Conclusion
• Communication
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Biology
• Characteristics
of Organisms
• Are Viruses
Alive?
• Hierarchy of
Organisms
• Classification
of Organisms
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Evolution is a Theory
(as is gravity)
• Summary of Darwin’s Theory:
O1 – exponential population growth
• O2 – resources are limited
• O3 – more born than survive to reproduce
• I1 – individuals compete for resources
• O4 – there is variability among the individuals in a
population
• O5 – some variability is inherited
• I2 – some inherited variability will improve an
individual’s chances of surviving to reproduce
• I3 – over generations, population will be of individuals
with the favorable variants
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ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THEORY
OF EVOLUTION
• Common Ancestry
– (not man descended from apes)
• Descent with Modification
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COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS
ABOUT EVOLUTION
• Natural Selection Produces Variation
• Organisms Produce the Needed
Traits
• Evolution Produces Increasingly More
Perfect Organisms
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Chapter 14 Principles of Evolution
• How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve?
• Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept
of Evolution
• Exploration of New Lands: Staggering Diversity of
Life
• Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Had Changed
Over Time
– Figure 14.1 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado
River (p. 266)
– Figure 14.2 Types of fossils (p. 266)
– Figure 14.3 Fossils of extinct organisms (p. 267)
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14.1
• 14.1.1 Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the
Concept of Evolution
• 14.1.2 Exploration of New Lands Revealed a Staggering
Diversity of Life
• 14.1.3 Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Had
Changed Over Time
– Figure 14.1 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River
(p. 266)
– Figure 14.2 Types of fossils (p. 266)
– Figure 14.3 Fossils of extinct organisms (p. 267)
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eggs in nest
fossilized feces
(coprolites)
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bones
footprints
skin impression
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14.1 How Did Evolutionary
Thought Evolve?
• 14.1.4 Some Scientists Devised Nonevolutionary
Explanations for Fossils
• 14.1.5 A Few Scientists Speculated That Life Had Evolved
• 14.1.6 Geology Provided Evidence That Earth Is Exceedingly
Old
• 14.1.7 Some Pre-Darwin Biologists Proposed Mechanisms for
Evolution
• 14.1.8 Darwin and Wallace Proposed a Mechanism of
Evolution
– Figure 14.4 Darwin’s finches, residents of the Galapagos Islands
(p. 269)
– Figure E14.1 A painting of Charles Darwin as a young man (p.
270)
– Figure E14.2 One species of Galapagos island tortoise (p. 271)
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Large ground finch, beak
suited to large seeds
Warbler finch, beak
suited to insects
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Small ground finch, beak
suited to small seeds
Vegetarian tree finch, beak
suited to leaves
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14.2 How Does Natural
Selection Work?
• Figure 14.5 A flowchart of
evolutionary reasoning (p. 272)
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Potential for
rapid reproduction
Relatively constant resources
and population size over time
Competition for survival
and reproduction
Variability in
structures and behaviors
NATURAL SELECTION:
On the average, the fittest
organisms leave the most offspring
Observation
Conclusion based on observation
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Some variability
is inherited
EVOLUTION:
The genetic makeup of the population
changes over time,
driven by natural selection
Potential for
rapid reproduction
Relatively constant resources
and population size over time
Competition for survival
and reproduction
Variability in
structures and behaviors
NATURAL SELECTION:
On the average, the fittest
organisms leave the most offspring
Observation
Conclusion based on observation
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Some variability
is inherited
EVOLUTION:
The genetic makeup of the population
changes over time,
driven by natural selection
14.2 How Does Natural
Selection Work?
• 14.2.1 Modern Genetics Confirmed
Darwin’s Assumption of Inheritance
• 14.2.2 Natural Selection Modifies
Populations Over Time
– Figure 14.6 The evolution of the horse
(p. 272)
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Pliohippus
5
Hipparion
Archaeohippus
Anchitherium
Merychippus
Mesohippus
forefoot
tooth
25
35
Hyracotherium
Paleotheres
50
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browsing
millions of years ago
1
grazing
Equus
0
14.3 How Do We Know That
Evolution Has Occurred?
• 14.3.1 Fossils Provide Evidence of
Evolutionary Change Over Time
• 14.3.2 Comparative Anatomy Gives
Evidence of Descent with
Modification
– 14.3.2.1 Homologous Structures Provide
Evidence of Common Ancestry
• Figure 14.7 Homologous structures (p. 274)
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humerus
Pterodactyl
Dolphin
Dog
ulna
radius
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
Human
Bird
Bat
FLYING
Seal
Sheep
Shrew
SWIMMING
RUNNING
GRASPING
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14.3 How Do We Know That
Evolution Has Occurred?
– 14.3.2.2 Functionless Structures Are
Inherited from Ancestors
• Figure 14.8 Vestigial structures (p. 275)
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Salamander
Baleen whale
Boa constrictor
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14.3 How Do We Know That
Evolution Has Occurred?
– 14.3.2.3 Some Anatomical Similarities
Result from Evolution in Similar
Environments
• Figure 14.9 Analogous structures (p. 276)
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14.3 How Do We Know That
Evolution Has Occurred?
• 14.3.3 Embryological Similarity
Suggests Common Ancestry
– Figure 14.10 Embryological stages reveal
evolutionary relationships (p. 276)
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14.3 How Do We Know That
Evolution Has Occurred?
• 14.3.4 Modern Biochemical and
Genetic Analyses Reveal Relatedness
Among Diverse Organisms
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14.4 What Is the Evidence
That Populations Evolve by
Natural Selection?
• 14.4.1 Controlled Breeding Modifies
Organisms
– Figure 14.11 Dog diversity illustrates
artificial selection (p. 277)
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14.4 What Is the Evidence
That Populations Evolve by
Natural Selection?
• 14.4.2 Evolution by Natural Selection Occurs
Today
– 14.4.2.1 When Fewer Predators Are Present, Brighter
Coloration Can Evolve
– 14.4.2.2 Natural Selection Can Lead to Pesticide
Resistance
– 14.4.2.3 Experiments Can Demonstrate Natural
Selection
– 14.4.2.4 Selection Acts on Random Variation to Favor
the Traits That Work Best in Particular Environments
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14.5 A Postscript by Charles
Darwin
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