Transcript CA3_Review_and_Sexual_vs_Asexual

Warm-up: Oct. 5
Use your notes and/or textbook and add NEW
INFO. To your essential vocabulary terms:
Chromosome
Mitosis
Diploid
Meiosis
Haploid
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
Disadvantages, Advantages, and Types
Asexual Reproduction
What is it?
Production of individuals WITHOUT gametes
Result is a GENETICALLY IDENTICAL offspring,
same chromosome number.
Why Asexual Reproduction?
Benefits

Need one individual to reproduce

Takes less energy

All offspring are genetically identical which is “good” if
environment is stable, No Dramatic changes

Everybody is producing offspring including males

More efficient at passing genes, faster
Why NOT asexual reproduction?
Consequences:



Organisms are Genetically identical,
Clones
No recombination or exchange of
genes between parents
An asexual population tends to be
genetically boring, EVERYBODY IS THE
SAME.
Types of Asexual Reproduction
1. Binary Fission- a one-celled organism divides
by mitosis to form two daughter cells of equal
size. Organisms: Bacteria and Protist
Types of Asexual Reproduction
2. Vegetative Propagation- a part of a plant (a
root, stem, or leaf) grows into a new plant.
Organism: Plants and Fungi
Types of Asexual Reproduction
3. Spore Formation- spores are specialized
asexual reproductive cells that contain an entire
set of DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm.
Each spore can develop into a new organism.
Organisms: Some Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria
Types of Asexual Reproduction
4. Budding- a new organism develops as an
outgrowth of the parent.
Organisms: Animals (Hydra and Sponges) and
Fungi
Types of Asexual Reproduction
5. Regeneration- is the development of a new
organism from a part of the parent organism.
Organism: Some Animals (Hydra, Sea Stars, and
Flat Worms)
Sexual Reproduction

Production of individuals with gametes

Combining of DNA
Meiosis produces the Gametes for

Fertilization (Conjugation) in Animals
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Pollination in Plants
Advantages to Sexual Reproduction
1. Offspring are genetically unique due to
crossing over and random combination of
gametes.
2. Favourable when environment is unstable,
dramatic change occurs.
3. Slower rate of reproduction but faster when
evolving (changing overtime)
4. Lower extinction rates
5. Due to parents exchanging genes, there is a
fast removal of bad mutations or can put two
beneficial mutations together
Disadvantages to Sexual
Reproduction
1. Need two parents, so they “must expend energy” to
find, identify (court), and copulate with mate
2. Taking the time to exchange genes is counter
productive if conditions are stable
3. Only half the individuals are producing offspring(Males are an energy issue)
4. Slower at passing on genes
5. “Cost of recombination or exchanging genes ”-a
favourable combination of genes can be broken
Warm-up: Oct. 8, 2012
Get out your common assessment 3 review guide.
Animal Cell
Organelle Function
Mitochondrion: Produces ATP for the Cell, Cell
Respiration
Ribosome: Protein Synthesis
Nucleolus: Makes Ribosomes
Nucleus: Holds the DNA, Control Center of the
Cell
Vacuole: Used for Storage of Water (Large in
Plants)
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis, Plants make their
own food.
Cell Membrane
Regulates what goes in and out of the Cell
Plant vs. Animal cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cell Membrane
Regulates what goes in and out of the Cell
Passive Transport
From High to Low, You Go with the Flow.
The Cell Uses NO ENERGY
Diffusion: Movement of small molecules from High
to Low Concentration
Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of LARGE
molecules from High to Low Concentration
through a transport protein
Osmosis: Movement of WATER from High to Low
Concentration
Active Transport
From Low to High; You must BUY!
The Cell uses ENERGY!
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
Interphase: G1: Growth
S(ynthesis): DNA replication
G2: Growth and Extra Organelles are
made (Getting Ready for Mitosis)
Prophase: Chromosomes Appear, Centriole move to
opposite ends, Nuclear Membrane disappears
Metaphase: Chromosomes in the Middle
Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled Apart
Telophase: Two Nuclei
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm Splits
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
Meiosis
Meiosis I
Replication
Interphase→ Cell Growth & DNA
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I & Cytokinesis→ 2 Cells
Meiosis
Meiosis II
Cells
Interphase II→ Growth
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II & Cytokinesis: 4 Haploid
Mitosis vs Meiosis
Mitosis
Somatic Cells/ Body
Cells
1 Division
2 Daughter Cells
Daughter Cells: Diploid
Daughter Cells:
Identical
Asexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Sex Cells/ Gametes/
Reproductive Cells/
Germ Cells
2 Divisions
Daughter Cells: Haploid
Daughter Cells:
Genetically
Different/Genetic
Variation
Sexual Reproduction
Human Cells
Human Body Cells: 46 chromosomes
Human Sex Cells: 23 Chromosomes