Transcript Fossil - Hansenscorner

Chapter 3
Mr. Monson’s Science Class
THE ROCK AND FOSSIL
RECORD
Earth’s Story and Those Who First
Listened
 James Hutton- Scottish
Farmer
 spent 30 years studying
rock and rock
formations in England
and Scotland
 His observations led to
the founding of
modern Geology
1729 - 1797
James Hutton
Hutton’s Theory of the Earth
 Hutton collect his notes
in 1788
 He writes the key to
understanding Earth’s
History is all around us
today
 Uniformitarianism –
geological processes that
occur in the past can be
explained by current
geological processes
Siccar Point in Scotland – One of
Hutton’s observation Points
Catastrophism
 During Hutton’s time
most scientist thought
the earth was only a
few thousand years old
 Mountains and seas
formed in sudden, rare
events
 Catastrophism –
geologic changes occur
suddenly
Mt. Saint Helens Erupts 1980
The Battle Continues . . .
 Charles Lyell published
Principles of Geology
 1830 -1833 three
volume collection
 Successfully
challenged
catastrophism
 Earth’s changes
gradual
1797 – 1875 Charles Lyell
Modern Geology - Both
 Modern geologists
Stephen J. Gould
 Challenged saying
catastrophes do play
an important role in
Earth’s History
 Both
Uniformitarianism and
Catastrophism are
right
1941- 2000 Stephen J. Gould
Modern Geology - Both
 Some Scientists think . .
 An asteroid struck earth 65
million years ago
 Caused extinction of
dinosaurs
 Through global debris
raining down for decades
Other Modern Theories
 Other current theories
include – volcano(s)
erupting changing the
earth’s temperature
 Some think the Earth
got too hot . . .
 Some think the Earth
got to cold from the
volcanic activity
Paleontology – The study of
Past Life
 Paleontology is the
study of past life
(fossils)
 Paleontologists are the
scientists that study
past life
 Specialize
 Invertebrates Animals (no
back bones)
 Vertebrates Animals (back
bones)
 Paleobotantist study plants
 Others reconstruct past
ecosystems
Paleontology – The study of
Past Life . . .
Edwin Colbert
1905 – 2001 Edwin
Colbert Vertebrate
Paleontologist
Found 12 Coelophysis on
Ghost Ranch in New
Mexico
Named
Staurikosaurus
Relative Dating: Which Came First
 Scientist have to figure
out the sequence of
events in Earth’s
History
 Keys to identify older or
younger object
* Rocks
* Fossils
Superposition
New Rock
 Younger rocks lie above
older rocks if the layers
of rocks have not been
disturbed
Middle Age Rock
Old Rock
Disturbing Forces
 Some rock sequences
are disturbed by the
forces of nature
 Tilted
 Folded
 Broken apart’
 Upside down
Over most of Breadalbane, between
740 and 515 million years before the
present day, south of Glen Lyon, these
metamorphic rocks are relatively flatlying. The unusual thing about them,
however, is that as a result of folding
they are upside down!
Geologic Column
 An ideal layer of rock
that contains all the
known fossils and rock
formations arranged
from oldest to
youngest
 Oldest rocks on bottom
and youngest rocks on
top
Geologic Column . . .
 Geologists rely on
geologic column to
help identify layers in
puzzling rock
sequencing
Constructing the Geologic
Column
Grand Canyon
Disturbed Rock Layers. . .
 Features cut across rock layers
 Features are younger than rock layers
 Rocks had to be there to fault, fold, tilt, erode . . .
Disturbed Rock Layers
 Fault is a break in the Earth’s Crust along which
blocks of the crust slide relative to one another
Disturbed Rock Layers . . .
Follow the
dark igneous
rock
 Intrusion – molten rock from the Earth’s interior that
squeezes into existing rock and cools
Disturbed Rock Layers. . .
 Folding occurs when the rock layers bend and buckle
from Earth’s internal forces
Disturbed Rock Layers
 Tilting occurs when internal forces in the Earth slant
rock layers
Events that Disturb Rock Layers
 Geologist assume rock
layers are originally
formed in horizontal
layers
 The events that fold,
tilt or intrude happen
after the rock forms so
they are newer
Gaps in the Record –
Unconformities. . .
 Faults, intrusion, folding
and tilting make dating
rocks difficult
 Unconformity is a
break in the geological
record created when rock
layers are eroded or when
sediment is not deposited
for a long time
Types of Unconformities
 Disconformities – parts of a sequence of parallel rock layers
are missing
 Represent thousands to millions of years of missing time
Types of Unconformities
 Nonconformities – a horizontal sedimentary layer lies on
top of an eroded layer of older intrusive or metamorphic rocks
 Represent millions of years of missing time
Types of Unconformities
 Angular
Unconformities –
are found between
horizontal layers of
sedimentary rock and
layers of rock that have
been tilted or folded
 Represent millions of
years of missing time
Types of Unconformities
 Looked at all the unconformities in this picture – can you see
the millions of years of missing records
Rock Layer Puzzles
 Rock layer sequence can be
affected by more than one
event
 Intrusive rock may have
squeezed into layers that
contain deformity
 Geologist use their
knowledge of events to
piece together the rock
layer jigsaw puzzle
Fossils
 Fossil is the remains
or physical evidence of
an organism preserved
by geological processes
Fossils in Rocks
 When an organism dies it
usually decays or is quickly
eaten
 Sometimes an organism is
quickly buried by sediments
when it dies
 Sediments slow decay
 Bones and shells decay
slower
 Hard parts are preserved
more than soft tissue
Fossils in Amber
 Amber –tree sap which hardens quickly
 Insects or small animals get caught in it
 Some of the best fossils of insects
 Also frogs and lizards
Petrifaction
 Petrifaction – process in which tissue of an
organism are replaced with minerals
Petrifaction. . .
Bone permineralization with
silicon, calcite or pyrite . . .
 Permineralization – is where the pore space
(hard tissue) is filled with the mineral
Petrifaction. . .
 Replacement – is the process in which the minerals
tissues are completely replaced with minerals
Fossil in Asphalt
 Asphalt wells on
Earth’s surface are
thick, sticky pools
 La Brea asphalt
deposits near Los
Angeles CA
 Trapping organisms for
38,000 years
Fossil in Asphalt. . .
 Scientist learn a lot
about past form
Asphalt pools
Frozen Fossils
 Found remains of a 20,000
year old woolly mammoth
in Siberian Tundra in 1999
Frozen Fossils. . .
 Freezing slows decay
 Many type of frozen
fossils are preserved
from the last ice age
Frozen baby
mammoth
Frozen shrimp fossil
Other Types of Fossils
 Trace Fossils – is a
fossilized mark that is
formed in soft
sediment by the
movement of animals
 Foot prints - tracks
 Burrows
Other Type of Fossils . . .
 Mold – the cavity in the
rock where the plant or
animal was buried
 Cast – fossil type that
forms when sediments
fill the cavity left by
decomposition
Using Fossils to Interpret the
Past
 Fossil record gives us
part of the Earth’s
History
 Know more about hard
body then soft bodied
animals
 Incomplete because
most organisms never
became fossils
Using Fossils to Interpret the
Past. . .
 Fossils reveal changes
in Earth’s environment
 Sea fossils on mountain
tops
 Can help scientist
reconstruct ancient
coastlines
 Can help tell what the
weather was
 Cooer
 Wetter
 desert
Fossils from ancient seas left
in Burgess Shale on the top
of a mountain at Walcott
Quarry, in Yoho National
Park, British Columbia,
Canada
History of Changing Organisms
 Older rocks contain
different organisms
than younger rocks
 Fossil record is
incomplete
 Scientists look for
similarities in ancient
organisms and their
closest living relatives
Using Fossils to Date Rocks
 Index fossil - found in the rock layers of only one
geologic age and that is used to establish the age of
the rock layers
Ammonites - Tropites
 Fossils of Tropites (marine mollusk)
 Living relative - squid
 Lived between 230 – 208 million years ago
 Rock they are found in is 230 – 208 million years old
Trilobites
 Trilobites or Phacops–
extinct
 Lived 400 million years
ago
 Living relative – hermit
crab
 Rocks they are found in
is 400 million years old
References
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http://www.gjenvick.com/images/Periodicals/HarpersMagazine/1897/ScienceAtTheBeginningOfTheCentury/Illustration05-JamesHutton-250.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10
http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/geology/siccar.point.gif Retrieved 2/16/10
http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Science/Images/mount-st-helens-eruption.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10
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http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38938000/jpg/_38938379_dino_bbc_203.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/Edwin_Harris_Colbert_1.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/dinosaur-images-036-resize.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10
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PNu7fPqjmtM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddinosaur%2Bfossils%2Bin%2Brocks%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3
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http://www.purchon.com/ecology/images/folds.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10
http://www.amberworkshop.com/i/amber_inclusions_plant_inclusions_insect_inclusions/collection_amber_inclusion.jpg
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Retrieved 2/18/10
http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/NGSPOD/740311-FB.jpg Retrieved 2/18/10
http://crystalrivergems.com/products/fossils/images/DSCF0016.jpg Retrieved 2/18/10
http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~odom/1000/sediments/bedding.jpg Retrieved 2/18/10
http://www.explorebreadalbane.co.uk/imagebox/1424-F2-fold-in-Loch-Tay-Ls.JPG Retrieved 2/23/10
http://www.agiweb.org/news/evolution/paleo_geo_evol.html#null Retrieved 2/23/10
http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Law_of_Superposition 2/23/10
http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/carnivorousdinosaurs/p/staurikosaurus.htm 2/23/10
http://www.nwcreation.net/geologycolumn.html 2/23/10
http://creationwiki.org/pool/images/thumb/2/28/Geo_time.JPG/400px-Geo_time.JPG 2/23/10
References . . .
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http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/d/dd/Grand_Canyon_geologic_column.jpeg Retrieved 2/23/10
http://www.eoearth.org/upload/thumb/3/32/Synclinal_folds_pic.jpg/250px-Synclinal_folds_pic.jpg
Retrieved 2/23/10
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http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/socal/geology/inland_empire/images/guataemala.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
http://www.npolar.no/geonet/picture_atlas/Sv03-01-22.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
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http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect2/crumpled_%20fold.JPG Retrieved 2/23/10
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http://www.purchon.com/ecology/images/folds.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/images/Structures/3L99-4%20I70Roadcut%20denver.jpg Retrieved
2/23/10
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http://www.worldofstock.com/slides/NEA2607.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
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http://reynolds.asu.edu/sierra_cobre/p_unconformity.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
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http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~es10/classnotes/images/Grand.Canyon.d.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
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http://geologicalintroduction.baffl.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/disconformity.jpg Retrieved
2/23/10
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http://bp0.blogger.com/_osP51C3atIY/RgMLHeketNI/AAAAAAAAAsQ/MBfepekuJoU/s1600-h/TaumSauk_precam-cam-unconformity.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
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http://clasticdetritus.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/fff99.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3442/3801372763_7f52897222_o.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
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http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/webdav/site/GSL/shared/images/education_and_careers/RockCycle/Processe
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http://lovingthebigisland.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/fossil-fish-1.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
http://www.charmouthfossils.co.uk/shop/images/gcap_fossil_beach.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
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References
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http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/10/08/gallery/amber_zoom.jpg Retrieve 2/23/10
http://www.juniorengineering.usu.edu/workshops/amber/images/tree1.jpg Retrieved
2/23/10
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/2/24/Petrified_wood_closeup_2.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
http://www.kith.org/logos/pix/photos/scenery/petrified.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
http://www.bone-yard.org/images/ty/petwooda.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
http://www.womansday.com/var/ezflow_site/storage/images/media/images/06-wd0809pitch-lake/693507-1-eng-US/06-wd0809-Pitch-Lake.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
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http://www.semp.us/_images/biots/Biot485PhotoQ.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10
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http://www.foxnews.com/images/299650/1_61_mammoth_frozen_1.jpg 2/23/10
http://www.environmenttimes.co.uk/images/sce/News/Antarctic-fossil.jpg Retrieved
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https://courseware.eeducation.psu.edu/courses/earth105new/graphics/L02_fossil_hpl922.jpg Retrieved 2/26/10
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/solnhofen/Stenophlebia-latreilli/EP013B.jpg
retrieved 2/26/10
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http://eostone.com/images/home-fade/turtle.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10
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http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/500/550/551/abisaad/fossils-981025-06-528.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10
References. . .
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http://www.ucdavis.edu/images/features_level2/0209/darwin/grosberg_full.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10
http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~vonfrese/gs100/lect29/xfig29_04.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10
http://www.ing.uni.wroc.pl/~pracz/dyd/obr_skam/trop1.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10
http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/aroundthemall/wp-content/files/2007/11/2007-7438trilobites.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10
http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/kodiak/images/photo/crabak_herm.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10