Transcript LIFE IS CELLULAR - Mrs. Brenner's Biology

Eukaryotic
Cell
Structure
TWO CATAGORIES FOR
DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
PROKAYOTE
• Smaller and simpler
• Have cell membrane and
cytoplasm
• No nuclei
• But, contain DNA within
cytoplasm
• All bacteria are
prokaryotes
• They grow, reproduce,
respond to change
• Some move
EUKARYOTE
• Vary in shape, some large
• Have cell membrane and
cytoplasm
• Have nuclei and many
other organelles
• Some single-celled
beings
• Many multi-celled beings
• All plants, animals, fungi,
and many
microorganisms are
eukaryotes
CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Cell Wall
Location?
Outer most boundary
in plant, bacteria and
fungi cells
Function?
• Provides support and
protection for the cell
•Helps maintain cell
shape
Cell
Membrane
Location?
•Outer boundary of animal
and protist cells. Outer edge
of cytoplasm.
Function?
•Regulates what enters and
exits the cell
•Supports cell structures and
provides strong barrier
between cell and
surroundings.
Construction?
•Lipid bilayer, also
containing proteins and
carbohydrates
Nucleus
Location?
•In all cells but bacteria
cells
•Often most prominent
structure in center of cell
Function?
•Controls cell processes
•Stores hereditary
information of DNA
•Codes for protein
synthesis (making of
proteins most important
role of cell)
Binuclear, Binucleate, and Multinucleate
Cells
Some cells have more
than one nucleus.
Examples:
Cells that destroy bone
Some liver cells
Skeletal muscle cells
Nuclear
Envelope
Location?
•Surrounds nucleus
Function?
•Double membrane
layer that contains
pores which allow
material to move into
and out of the nucleus
•Steady stream of RNA
and other infocarrying molecules to
the rest of the cell
Chromatin
Location?
•Most of the time it is
spread throughout the
nucleus
Function?
•Granular in structure, it
contains DNA that control
cell activities and protein
synthesis
•Pass genetic info from one
generation to the next
Chromosomes
Location?
•Inside and throughout
the nucleus
•Seen during cell division
Description?
Chromatin condenses into
threads to form
Chromosomes
Function?
•Contains DNA that control
cell activities and protein
synthesis
•Pass genetic info from one
generation to the next
Nucleolus
Location?
•Dark spherical
mass inside the
nucleus
Function?
•Assembly of
ribosomes begin
here
Cytoplasm
Location?
•Material inside the cell
membrane but not
including the nucleus
•Contains many structures
called organelles
•Some cells may contain
cytoskeleton
Function?
•Establishes living
condition to supply and
transport materials for cell
activities
Cytoskeleton
Location?
•Extending from nucleus to
cell membrane in some
cells
Description?
•Made up of protein
filaments called
microtubules and
microfilaments
Function?
•Helps cell maintain shape
and involved in many
forms of cell movement
Centrioles
Location?
•Paired structures just
outside the nuclear
envelope in the cytoplasm
•Only in animal cells
Function?
•During cell division,
centrioles separate and
take up positions on
opposite sides of the
nucleus
•Help organize the spindle
that separate the
chromosomes
Cilia &
Flagella
Location?
•Both extend from the
surface of the cell
Description?
Cilia – numerous, short,
hair-like projections
Flagella- one or two,
longer whip-like structures
Function?
Both used to propel
individual cells through
environment
Cilia
Flagella
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (E.R.)
Location?
•Extend from nuclear
envelop to cell membrane
Description?
Rough E.R. – contain
ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – do not
contain ribosomes
Function?
•Transport materials
•Rough E.R. modify
proteins for secretion
•Smooth E.R. contains
enzymes that make lipids
Ribosome
Location?
•In nucleus,
cytoplasm, and Rough
E.R.
Function?
•Produce proteins
following coded
instruction that come
from the nucleus
Golgi
Apparatus
Location?
•Near E.R. and nucleus
Function?
•Stack of membranes that
accept proteins produced
by the rough E.R.
•Contain enzymes that
attach carbohydrates and
lipids to proteins (“package
proteins”)
•Proteins then sent to final
destinations
Lysosome
Location?
•Throughout the cytoplasm
of the cell
•Rare in plant cells
Function?
•Small organelles filled with
enzymes that break down
lipids, carbohydrates and
proteins from food into
particles that can be used by
the rest of the cell.
•Also a “cell cleaner” to
break down old organelles
and dead pathogens.
© 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
Plant Vacuole
Location?
•Saclike structure in the
cytoplasm
Description?
Plant cells – Single, large
central vacuole
Function?
•Store materials such as
water, salts, proteins and
carbohydrates
•Pressure in plant vacuole
aid in support of plant cell
(lack of water – wilting)
Vacuoles
Location?
•Saclike structures in the
cytoplasm
Description?
Animal & Protists – Small,
multiple vacuoles
Function?
•Store materials such as
water, salts, proteins and
carbohydrates
•Remove excess water
from cell (contractile
vacuole)
Chloroplasts
Location?
•Found in cytoplasm of
plants, some protists and
bacteria
Function?
•Use energy from sunlight to
make energy-rich food
molecules (glucose).
•The name of this process?
Photosynthesis
Note: Chloroplasts contain
some of their own genetic
info or DNA that is essential
to the function of the
chloroplast.
Mitochondria
Location?
•Throughout the cytoplasm
•More numerous in cells
that have high energy
requirements.
Function?
•Organelles that release
energy in the form of ATP
from stored food molecules
(glucose)
•The name of this process?
Cellular Respiration
Note: Mitochondria contain
some of their own genetic
info or DNA that is essential
to the function of the
mitochondrion.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plant Mitochondria
Human Liver Cell Mitochondria
Review: Cell Structures and Functions
A. Cell Membrane
B. Centriole
C. Chromosomes
(DNA)
D. ER (rough)
E. ER (smooth)
F. Golgi apparatus
G. Mitochondrion
H. Nucleus
I.
Nucleolus
J. Ribosomes
K. Specialized
Vesicle, a Lysosome
M. Vesicle/Vacuole
Cell Quiz Answer Key
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Smooth E.R.
Ribosome
Rough E.R.
Lysosome (Special vesicle)
Vesicle/Vacuole
Chromosome
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Smooth E.R.
Cell Membrane
Centriole
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondrion
Vesicle/Vacuole
Recognition is given to the following URL addresses where the
images in this PowerPoint were found
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Plant cell : http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/plantcellwall.jpg
Cell phone image: http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1354686/2/istockphoto_1354686_cell_phone_vector.jpg
Mass quantities of cell phones: http://www.textually.org/textually/archives/images/set1/cell_phones.gif
Moving amoeba:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/plantcellwall.jpg&imgrefurl=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~aca
rpi/NSC/13cells.htm&h=267&w=216&sz=20&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=P6TrdXiIXUDwGM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=91&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplant%2Bcells%26gbv%3
D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG
Frog: http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/NIM/AF581~Frog-Posters.jpg
Hooke: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Hooke.html
Hooke’s microscope: http://www.arsmachina.com/images/hooke.jpg
Hooke’s cork: http://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/images/hookecorkS.jpg
Leeuvenhoek: http://www.zin.ru/Animalia/Coleoptera/images/leeuvenh.jpg
Leeuvenhoek’s pond organisms: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/dropnewc2.jpg
Schleiden: http://www.gavagai.de/philosoph/IMAGES/schleiden.jpg
Schleiden plant cell: http://www.moe.gov.sg/edumall/tl/digital_resources/biology/images/HydrillaVerticillata.jpg
Schwann: http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/scitech/HStheodo.jpg
Schwann cell diagram: http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/nervoussystem/celltypes/menu/image.gif
Virchow: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsize/SIL14-V002-11a.jpg
Virchow mitosis: http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/genetics/mitosis.gif
Cell looks like me cartoon: http://www.cs.hmc.edu/~rmcknigh/projects/bio52-project3/cartoon.gif
Cell membrane Janet Plowe: http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/programs/reflect/rp/biology/cell_membrane_p2.jpg
Recognition continued:
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Female: http://www.health-safety-signs.uk.com/productimages/Acrylic-female-toilet-symbol-sign.gif
Paramecium:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~biol240/labs/lab_06protists/media/paramecium.jpg&imgrefurl=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~bio
l240/labs/lab_06protists/pages/paramecium.html&h=540&w=352&sz=17&hl=en&start=22&tbnid=5_My1Mkfovm_wM:&tbnh=132&tbnw=86&prev=/images%3Fq%
3Dparamecium%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN
Prokaryotic cell: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg
Bacteria cell wall: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2002/prok.jpg
Cell Wall: http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2164.jpg
Animated Cell Parts Intro: http://www.wacona.com/promote/cells/cellani.gif
Cell membrane channel proteins: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/1/10/Cell-membrane-electrochemical.PNG
Cell diagram: http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/tutorial/mcb3011s/virusentanimal_files/cell400.jpg
Cell nucleus: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_nucleus.jpg
Cell nucleus: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_nucleus.jpg
Nuclear envelope: http://www.ualr.edu/botany/nucleus.jpeg
Resting cell actual mitosis: http://www.molecularexpressions.com/micro/gallery/mitosis/resting.jpg
Cell Chromosomes: http://www.flickr.com/photos/flteach/4850119/
Nucleolus (actual): http://www.daviddarling.info/images/nucleolus.gif
Cytoplasm diagram: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/cellcytoplasm.jpg
Microtubules and microfilaments: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/images/00016767.jpg
Centrioles actual: http://www.gen.cam.ac.uk/Research/Glover/images/SAK.jpg
Centrioles: http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/centriole/centriole2.jpg
Cilia and flagella together good: http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/bio103/IMAGES/fg05_17a.jpg
Smooth and rough e.r. diagram: http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/cell.gif
Smooth and rough e.r. only diagram: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/endoplasmic_reticulum.jpg
Smooth and rough e.r. actual: http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cellbiology/SER1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/ser.htm&h=380&w=600&sz=51&hl=en&start=50&um=1&tbnid=l2zZTQ_k366OM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dendoplasmic%2Breticulum%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa
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Recognition continued:
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Ribosome protein syn diagram: http://anthro.palomar.edu/biobasis/images/protein_synthesis_at_ribosomes.gif
Ribosome and Cell: http://members.aol.com/dcaronejr/ezmed/cell.jpg
Golgi diagram: http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/chem/midden/MITBCT/cb/org/golgi.gif
Golgi actual: http://z.about.com/d/biology/1/0/P/1/golgi.jpg
Lysosome diagram good: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=8038&rendTypeId=4
Plant vacuole diagram: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/c7.6.15.Vacuole.jpg
Vacuole contractile: http://www.chadevans.co.uk/asite/Alevel/u02/ln/protozoa2_files/image002.jpg
Vacuoles actual: http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/McGrawHill/Encyclopedia/images/CE725300FG0010.gif
Wilted plant: http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/04/85/23208504.jpg
Phagocyte vacuoles: http://www.academic.marist.edu/~jzmz/topics/bloodsmears/bloodsmears16.jpg
Chromatin is DNA wound tightly: http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/kfield/organelles/organelleimages/chromatin.gif
Plant cell diagram: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantcell.jpg
Mitochondria complete: http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image110.gif
Mitochondria in actual plant cell: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Plant_Cell/Elodea/Mitochondria_MC_.jpg
Mitochondria actual: http://www.etsu.edu/biology/symbiosis/mitochondria.jpg
Cell Quiz :
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DCell%2BQuiz%26ei%3DUTF8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-390%26x%3Dwrt&w=336&h=452&imgurl=www.mansfield.ohiostate.edu%2F%7Ejbradley%2FAnCell.JPG&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mansfield.ohiostate.edu%2F%7Ejbradley%2FAnimalCellQ.html&size=135kB&name=AnCell.JPG&p=Cell+Quiz&type=jpeg&no=8&tt=759&oid=dcd9166b78d4a1f8&ei=UTF-8