Transcript JacquesLaubscher_Presentation.ppsx

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of Architecture
Comparing pertinent international standards for
permissible window air leakage of buildings
with the equivalent South African standards
Jacques Laubscher PhD(Architecture) PrArch
Associate Professor, Department of Architecture
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Tshwane University of Technology
1
According to the 2009 Sustainable Cities Report (De Lilly, 2009: 26), “[t]here
is a direct link between buildings and climate change due to
the high rate of carbon emissions from the construction and
ongoing use of buildings. Building resources take up to 40%
of energy use and 17% of fresh water use. 25% of wood
harvested and 40% of material produced are attributed to
the built environment.”
2
The expected rise in global annual-mean surface
air temperature (Source: GISS, 2015)
3
• The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change predicts two possible global scenarios:
– The first is a high emission scenario, while
– the second situation is a low emission scenario.
• Using the observed and simulated variations of past (and
projected future) annual average temperature, the expected
impact on Southern Africa fits within the aforementioned range.
4
The predicted near surface air temperature changes
for Southern Africa. (Source: Niang et al, 2014: 1208)
5
On 26 May 2010 the General Secretariat of the Conseil
International du Bâtiment (CIB) announced the introduction of a
new CIB Task Group (TG).
TG79 will focus on the Building Regulations and Control in the
Face of Climate Change [1].
According to Chan and Visscher (the joint coordinators of TG79)
The last twenty years have seen dramatic changes in the approach
taken to building regulation and control... and there is an
increasing role that building regulation and control must
perform in achieving significant reductions of CO2 emissions
from buildings. Amongst others, the objectives of TG79 are to
provide an overview of the state of building regulations and building
control and the related policies to address climate change...[2]
[1] CIB newsletter May 2010 26 May 2010: Around the Task Groups and Working Commissions TG79 - Building
Regulations and Control in the Face of Climate Change Introducing New Task Group
[2] CIB newsletter May 2010 26 May 2010: Around the Task Groups and Working Commissions TG79 - Building
Regulations and Control in the Face of Climate Change Introducing New Task Group
6
7
Full description of Act
103 of 1977 (South Africa, 2011: 14)
“To provide for the promotion of
uniformity in the law relating to the
erection of buildings in the areas of
jurisdiction of local authorities; for the
prescribing of building standards; and for
matters connected therewith.”
9
The National Building Regulations
SANS 10400:XA (Fenestration)
4.4.4 Fenestration
4.4.4.1 Buildings with up to 15 % fenestration area to nett floor area per
storey comply with the minimum energy performance requirements.
4.4.4.2 Buildings with a fenestration area to nett floor area per storey that
exceeds 15 % shall comply with the requirements for fenestration in
accordance with SANS 204.
4.4.4.3 All fenestration air infiltration shall be in accordance with SANS 613.
10
4.4.4.3 All fenestration air infiltration shall
be in accordance with SANS 613.
SANS 613: 4.4 Air tightness (SABS,2011:7)
When tested in accordance with 5.6,
a) the air penetration through the products shall not exceed 2 L/s/m2
fenestration area,
b) the average airflow rate for fixed glazing shall not exceed 0,306 L/s/m2
fenestration area, and
c) the air penetration through revolving doors and swing doors shall not
exceed 5 L/s/m2 fenestration area.
11
Other applicable Standards (wall openings)
SANS 204:2011: Energy efficiency in buildings (19 August 2011)
→ SANS 204-1:2008: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
buildings with artificial or natural environmental control and their sub-systems
→ SANS 204-2:2008: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
buildings with natural environmental control systems
→ SANS 204-3:2008: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
buildings with artificial environmental control making use of a central HVAC system
12
Other applicable Standards (wall openings)
SANS 727
SANS 727 provides the specification for windows, doors, sidelights, and
fanlights made from rolled mild steel sections, together with its associated
fittings and additional components. SANS 727 refers specifically to the
most recent issues of the following standards:
• SANS 4 (SABS 4), Locks, latches, and associated furniture for
doors (domestic type).
• SANS 121/ISO 1461 (SABS ISO 1461), Hot dip galvanized
coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles – Specifications and
test methods. (Amendment 3)
• SANS 135/ISO 1456 (SABS ISO 1456), Metallic coatings –
Electrodeposited coatings of nickel plus chromium and of copper
plus nickel plus chromium. (Amendment 2)
13
The climatic context of the South African
built environment
Europe has tradition where buildings are well insulated because
of extreme temperature exposure, requiring ‘architecture of
insulation’.
Similarly in America, any thermal bridging in the exterior skin is
avoided. The heating load is generally addressed using a central
system.
South Africa on the other hand employs an ‘Architecture of
ventilation’, requiring a different approach and standard.
14
Comparing South African fenestration
requirements (SANS 613) with
-
North America
Australia
India
15
Country
Performance
Standard
Testing
Standard
Maximum Permissible Air
Leakage through windows
(L/s·m2)
Nonoperable
glazing
Operable
glazing
South
Africa
SANS 204
North
America
AAMA/WDMA/CSA
101/I.S.2/A440-11
North American
Fenestration
Standard/Specification
for windows, doors, and
skylights (NFRC A44011)
Australia
AS 2047
SANS 613
2,0
ASTM E283
(04) 2012
AS 4420.4
0,31
Energy Conservation
Building Code 2006
Not specified
5.0
75 Pa
Climatic
Zone
Not specified
All
1.5
75 Pa
Not specified
1.0
75 Pa
Air-conditioned
5.0
75 Pa
Non-airconditioned
20.0
75 Pa
Louvre windows
75 Pa
Adjustable
louvers,
residential and
commercial
buildings
20.0
India
Pressure
diff.
Air-conditioned/
Non
airconditioned
2.0
Not
spec.
Not specified
Other
Description
Voluntary performance standard
for energy efficiency in South
Africa
Not
specified
Different
performance
standards for
different
window types
Voluntary performance standard
issued by National Fenestration
Rating Council
Not
specified
Testing
standard
specified
Two pressure
differences
specified
Pressure
direction
specified
Mandatory minimum
specification for windows and
doors used in Australia
All
Mandatory for commercial
buildings or building complexes
that have a connected load of
500 kW or greater or a contract
demand of 600 kVA or greater.
Applicable to all buildings with a
conditioned floor area of 1,000
m2 or greater.
Recommended for all other
buildings.
Country
Performance
Standard
Testing
Standard
Maximum Permissible Air
Leakage through windows
(L/s·m2)
Nonoperable
glazing
Operable
glazing
South
Africa
SANS 204
North
America
AAMA/WDMA/CSA
101/I.S.2/A440-11
North American
Fenestration
Standard/Specification
for windows, doors, and
skylights (NFRC A44011)
Australia
AS 2047
SANS 613
2,0
ASTM E283
(04) 2012
AS 4420.4
0,31
Energy Conservation
Building Code 2006
Not specified
5.0
75 Pa
Climatic
Zone
Not specified
All
1.5
75 Pa
Not specified
1.0
75 Pa
Air-conditioned
5.0
75 Pa
Non-airconditioned
20.0
75 Pa
Louvre windows
75 Pa
Adjustable
louvers,
residential and
commercial
buildings
20.0
India
Pressure
diff.
Air-conditioned/
Non
airconditioned
2.0
Not
spec.
Not specified
Other
Description
Voluntary performance standard
for energy efficiency in South
Africa
Not
specified
Different
performance
standards for
different
window types
Voluntary performance standard
issued by National Fenestration
Rating Council
Not
specified
Testing
standard
specified
Two pressure
differences
specified
Pressure
direction
specified
Mandatory minimum
specification for windows and
doors used in Australia
All
Mandatory for commercial
buildings or building complexes
that have a connected load of
500 kW or greater or a contract
demand of 600 kVA or greater.
Applicable to all buildings with a
conditioned floor area of 1,000
m2 or greater.
Recommended for all other
buildings.
Country
Performance
Standard
Testing
Standard
Maximum Permissible Air
Leakage through windows
(L/s·m2)
Nonoperable
glazing
Operable
glazing
South
Africa
SANS 204
North
America
AAMA/WDMA/CSA
101/I.S.2/A440-11
North American
Fenestration
Standard/Specification
for windows, doors, and
skylights (NFRC A44011)
Australia
AS 2047
SANS 613
2,0
ASTM E283
(04) 2012
AS 4420.4
0,31
Energy Conservation
Building Code 2006
Not specified
5.0
75 Pa
Climatic
Zone
Not specified
All
1.5
75 Pa
Not specified
1.0
75 Pa
Air-conditioned
5.0
75 Pa
Non-airconditioned
20.0
75 Pa
Louvre windows
75 Pa
Adjustable
louvers,
residential and
commercial
buildings
20.0
India
Pressure
diff.
Air-conditioned/
Non
airconditioned
2.0
Not
spec.
Not specified
Other
Description
Voluntary performance standard
for energy efficiency in South
Africa
Not
specified
Different
performance
standards for
different
window types
Voluntary performance standard
issued by National Fenestration
Rating Council
Not
specified
Testing
standard
specified
Two pressure
differences
specified
Pressure
direction
specified
Mandatory minimum
specification for windows and
doors used in Australia
All
Mandatory for commercial
buildings or building complexes
that have a connected load of
500 kW or greater or a contract
demand of 600 kVA or greater.
Applicable to all buildings with a
conditioned floor area of 1,000
m2 or greater.
Recommended for all other
buildings.
Country
Performance
Standard
Testing
Standard
Maximum Permissible Air
Leakage through windows
(L/s·m2)
Nonoperable
glazing
Operable
glazing
South
Africa
SANS 204
North
America
AAMA/WDMA/CSA
101/I.S.2/A440-11
North American
Fenestration
Standard/Specification
for windows, doors, and
skylights (NFRC A44011)
Australia
AS 2047
SANS 613
2,0
ASTM E283
(04) 2012
AS 4420.4
0,31
Energy Conservation
Building Code 2006
Not specified
5.0
75 Pa
Climatic
Zone
Not specified
All
1.5
75 Pa
Not specified
1.0
75 Pa
Air-conditioned
5.0
75 Pa
Non-airconditioned
20.0
75 Pa
Louvre windows
75 Pa
Adjustable
louvers,
residential and
commercial
buildings
20.0
India
Pressure
diff.
Air-conditioned/
Non
airconditioned
2.0
Not
spec.
Not specified
Other
Description
Voluntary performance standard
for energy efficiency in South
Africa
Not
specified
Different
performance
standards for
different
window types
Voluntary performance standard
issued by National Fenestration
Rating Council
Not
specified
Testing
standard
specified
Two pressure
differences
specified
Pressure
direction
specified
Mandatory minimum
specification for windows and
doors used in Australia
All
Mandatory for commercial
buildings or building complexes
that have a connected load of
500 kW or greater or a contract
demand of 600 kVA or greater.
Applicable to all buildings with a
conditioned floor area of 1,000
m2 or greater.
Recommended for all other
buildings.
Laboratory tests at CSIR of existing
steel framed windows
20
TEST
Test for air tightness
SEAL
Flat, 3 mm on non-operable part, not
continuous
PRESSURE
75 Pa
RESULT
Not passed
REMARKS
4,6 l/s/m2. 2,6 l/s/m2 over the limit. Tape on TH
was left over night due to moisture leaking
out of cracks from previous water penetration
test.
21
TEST
First test for water tightness
SEAL
Flat, 3 mm on non-operable part, not
continuous
PRESSURE
200 Pa
RESULT
Not passed
REMARKS
Leaking at the top of SH.
SH sash is bending at top and bottom, due to
seal. Welders ordered to install two handles.
22
“…virtually all environmental problems
stem from the way we decide how to use and
manage land …
the form of tenure on specific land invariably
has environmental consequences…”
(Glazewski, 2000: 11)
thank you