Transcript - Catalyst
CHARACTERIZING AND INTEGRATING PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN A HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIP Emma Timmins-Schiffman & Elene Dorfmeier PIs: Steven Roberts & Carolyn Friedman UW, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Purpose How does climate change affect the physiologies of host and pathogen and their interactions? Genes give us insight into physiological pathways. Photo: SamPhoto: WhiteSam White Waldor & RayChaudhuri 2000 Elston et al. 2008 Outline Background on climate change Effects on physiology Effects on ranges 2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound Research plan Preliminary results Vibrio physiological response Oyster physiological response Host-pathogen interactions Future steps Outline Background on climate change Effects on physiology Effects on ranges 2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound Research plan Preliminary results Vibrio physiological response Oyster physiological response Host-pathogen interactions Future steps Climate Change: CO2 Increases in atmospheric CO2 = decreases in oceanic pH Measured low pH of ~7.3 in Puget Sound De Baar et al. 2008 Climate Change: Acidification Patterns to distribution of acidic/corrosive waters pH correlated to saturation state Riebesell et al. 2000 Fabry et al. 2008 Climate Change: Physiology Metabolic physiology & energy allocation Ecosystem-wide effects: biodiversity, trophic interactions Measurable up- and down-regulation of physiological pathways Gene is more highly expressed In these individuals Host Response to Environmental Change Must acclimate through physiological response. Hypercaepnia Calcification Stress response Re-allocation of resources Decreased individual and population fitness Pathogen Response to Environmental Change Recent epidemics of vibriosis have been correlated with significant mortality in bivalve larvae. Vibrios show preferences for certain environmental conditions. Elston et al. 2008 Climate Change: Range Distributions Climate change and acidification could create ideal habitat for V. tubiashii Host Environment Pathogen V. tubiashii growth in adjusted pH (S. Roberts, unpub.) Outline Background on climate change Effects on physiology Effects on ranges 2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound Research plan Preliminary results Vibrio physiological response Oyster physiological response Host-pathogen interactions Future steps V. tubiashii in 2007 Elston et al. 2008 Significant hatchery mortalities Links between environment and disease outbreaks Where does the pathogen-hostenvironment overlap occur? Outline Background on climate change Effects on physiology Effects on ranges 2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound Research plan Preliminary results Vibrio physiological response Oyster physiological response Host-pathogen interactions Future steps Research Plan Solenoid-controlled CO2 tank system Multiple pH, temperature, and dissolved metal treatments concurrently Vary disease presence/absence Assay host and pathogen responses to different environmental conditions Seawater + equilibrated pCO2 380 ppm Also vary: -metal concentrations -temperature No disease + V. tubiashii Seawater + equilibrated pCO2 840 ppm Outline Background on climate change Effects on physiology Effects on ranges 2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound Research plan Preliminary results Vibrio physiological response Oyster physiological response Host-pathogen interactions Future steps Preliminary Results: V. tubiashii Genes of interest: Alternative Sigma Factor E, Chitinase, L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase pH: 7.3 (acidic), control Time points: 0, 24, and 48 hours http://dhiez.wordpress.com/2008/05/02/virus-cholera-pada-manusia/ Wildcoast.blog.com Gene Expression Results: V. tubiashii Both rseA and chiA were more highly expressed in the low pH treatments. Both genes could be Implicated in increased virulence. Preliminary Results: C. gigas Differential expression of immune-related genes: Prx6, IkB, IL-17 Up-regulation Down-regulation Preliminary Results: C. gigas Differential display Isolate differentially-expressed genes and identify based on gene homology PCR product into vector Vector + competent E. coli Sequence & BLAST Preliminary Results: C. gigas Isolation of putative genes involved in acidification stress response: Primer Set blastx EST 10 TGF-B-inducible nuclear protein 12 (200 bp) Chaperonin subunit Cg in temp. stress 38 NADH dehydrogenase Cg 18 Beta-tubulin Oyster stress 9 Matrilin (ECM) Oyster stress C. gigas Gene Discovery Bioinformatics – metal bioavailability NCBI BioSystem s Gene Ontology Terms gene homology C. gigas NGS data GO terms cross-data interrogation Infer Oyster Physiology C. gigas ESTs C. gigas Gene Discovery Next-Generation Sequencing: ABI SOLiD Genome Transcriptome Epigenome Graphic: S. Roberts Outline Background on climate change Effects on physiology Effects on ranges 2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound Research plan Preliminary results Vibrio physiological response Oyster physiological response Host-pathogen interactions Future steps Implications for Host-Pathogen Interactions Environmental change elicits measurable physiological responses in host & pathogen. Predictive possibilities More complete characterization of physiologies will help hatchery practices. Development of bioindicator tools. Mitigate future outbreaks. Future Steps Genetic Load Inbred lines of oysters How does the environment affect population genetics? Expected ratio of genotypes: 1 AA: 2 AB: 1 BB Observed ratio of genotypes: 1AA: 1 AB Photo: M. Gavery Future Steps Expand integrative physiology approach to ecosystem-level conservation. Multiple trophic levels Universal & taxon-specific bioindicators Candidate genes NGS epigenetics http://www.stubbsisland.com/Orca/orca_index.html http://students.umf.maine.edu/garneajl/public.ww w/ Salmon Physiology Olfaction Reproduction Pituitary Study ~ 6 sites, varying ranges of anthropogenic influence Effects on coho smolts Orca Whales Physiology Contaminant metabolism Reproduction Thyroid hormone pathway Study Archival Biopsies samples Thank you Funding Saltonstall-Kennedy Program People Dr. Steven Roberts Dr. Carolyn Friedman Elene Dorfmeier Rachel Thompson Sam White Ralph Elston Joth Davis Rony Thi C-dog M-dizzle ½ KJ References De Baar, H., L. Gerringa, and C-E Thuroczy. Oct. 6-8 2008. “Effects of Changes in Carbonate Chemistry on Nutrient and Metal Speciation.” EPOCA. Elston, R.A., H. Hasegawa, K.L. Humphrey, I.K. Polyak, and C.C. Hase. 2008. Re-emergence of Vibrio tubiashii in bivalve shellfish aquaculture: severity, environmental drivers, geographic extent and management. Dis.Aquat.Org. 82: 119-134. Fabry, V.J., B.A. Seibel, R.A. Feely, J.C. Orr. 2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65: 414-432. Feely, R.A., C.L. Sabine, J.M. Hernandez-Ayon, D. Ianson, B. Hales. 2008. Evidence for Upwelling of Corrosive “Acidified” Water onto the Continental Shelf. Science. 320: 1490-1492. IPCC. 2007. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK & NY. Launey, S. and D. Hedgecock. 2001. High Genetic Load in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Genetics. 159: 255-265. Riebesell, U., I. Zonderva, B. Rost, P.D. Tortell, R.E. Zeebe, and F.M.M. Morel. 2000. Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Lett. To Nature. 407: 364-367. Waldor, M.K., and D. RayChaudhuri. 2000. Bacterial genomics: Treasure trove for cholera research. Nature. 406: 469-470.