Transcript Climate Change Presentation

Ashok Kumar
Abhishek Bhat
University of Toledo
Sept. 21, 2009
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Defined as the weather conditions averaged
over some period of time, the seasonal
distribution, and the extremes in weather for
a place.
Climate: Normals, means, and extremes of
different weather elements.
Extremes: coldest, warmest, driest, wettest,
snowiest, or cloudiest month or year.
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Climatic controls include latitude, elevation,
topography, presence of water bodies, and
atmospheric circulation.
Climate norms are computed over a 30-year
period since 1933. They are adjusted after
every decade.
Air mass climatology is also used to describe
climate.
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By altering the radiational properties of the
earth’s surface (e.g.: albedo)
By releasing waste heat into the atmosphere
By changing the concentrations of certain key
gaseous or aerosol components of the
atmosphere
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Measures of Climate Change
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Greenhouse Effect and Greenhouse Gases
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Global Climate Change Models
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Average Temperature
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Precipitation
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Wind
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Glaciations
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Frequency of Extreme Events
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Determination of Past Global Temperatures
◦ Historical documentation
◦ Tree rings
◦ Changes in ice volume
◦ Changes in sea volume
◦ Fossil pollen analysis
◦ Geologic observation related to glacial movement
Index
Severity
-2
Moderate Drought
-3
Sever Drought
-4
Extreme Drought
2
Moderate Rainfall
3
Sever Rainfall
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The greenhouse
effect
◦ Continuous warming
◦ O.5 – 0.7 0c warming
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Greenhouse gases
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Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
CFC
Water Vapor
Contaminants
Approximate Residence Time
CO2
15 yr
CH4
10 yr
N 2O
150 yr
CO
65 days
CFC 11
65 yr
CO2 Emissions
Global CO2 Emissions
Global Methane
Emissions
Methane Measures
N2O Concentration
N2O sources
CFC Source Distribution
CFC Source Distribution
CFC-11 Concentration
CFC-12 Concentration
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General Circulation Models (GCMs) are a class
of computer-driven models for weather
forecasting, understanding climate and
projecting climate change, where they are
commonly called Global Climate Models.
Different Types of Models
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Simple General Circulation Model (SGCM)
Atmospheric GCM
Oceanic GCM
Coupled Atmospheric-Oceanic GCM
Model Projections
Model Accuracy
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CO2 Emission Calculation:
CO2 = (Pi)*(Foi)*Ci
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P: Amount of fuel
FO : Fraction oxidized
C : Average carbon content
i: Particular fuel type
Change in radiative forcing:
For CO2
ΔFCO2 = K3 ln [(co2)/(co2)0]
 K3 : 6.3 (W/m2)
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Surface temperature change:
ΔTs = ΔF * λ
 ΔTs: Surface temperature
 ΔF: Radiative forcing
 λ: Climate sensitivity factor (0.57 in 0C/W/m2)
Model Performance
Global Warming
Projection
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IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor
and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
York, NY, USA, 996 pp.
IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution
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Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976pp.
IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the
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of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E.
Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz,
O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA., XXX pp.
IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I,
II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A.(eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva,
Switzerland, 104 pp.
Climate Change, Retrieved November 24th, 2008. Web site: http://www.wikipedia.com
Global Warming , Retrieved November 24th, 2008. Web site: http://www.wikipedia.com
Greenhouse Effect , Retrieved November 24th, 2008. Web site: http://www.wikipedia.com
Atmospheric Cleansing and Current Air Pollution Issues, Retrieved November 24th, 2008.
Web site: http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/~akumar/IAP1/mainpage.htm