Transcript Mostafa_K.Tolba

Evolving Perceptions in Environmental
Management
Egyptian Italian Year of Science & Technology
Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research
and Technology
Library of Alexandria
Mostafa K.Tolba
January 10, 2009
I – Evolving Environmental Perceptions
Protection of Nature
Pollution
Environment and Development - 1972
Eco development - 1973
Development without destruction – 1974
Alternative patterns of development
and lifestyles 1977-1978
 Sustainable Development 1982- 1992
II- Deteriorating Environment:
 water ( Quality and Quantity )
 Land (soil, vegetation cover, minerals ,
Biological Resources )
 Air (quality / climate change )
Examples of Deterioration:
 Emerging water shortages
 Tripling water demand over the last half- century
 Underground water: withdrawals beyond
the recharge
Food Production :
 A third or more of topsoil lost
 Annual rise in land productivity - averaging 2.1 percent
1950-1990 - dropped to 1 percent 1990 to 2002
 Range Land and Oceanic Fisheries pushed to their limits –
Climate Change
Facing Environmental Deterioration:
 Adopting Realistic Prices of Water
Water Shortages:
South Africa – lifeline rates: each household fixed
amount - for basic needs at low price - when water
use exceeds this level- price escalates.
 Metering Underground water use: Jordan: 285
cubic meters - water person year.
 Harvesting limited rainfall
 Increasing Water productivity.
In India raised by average190 percent shifting to
drip irrigation .
- Energy and Raw Material
- Cleaner Production:
- Tools to Asses and Avoid Environmental
Deterioration
A- Environmental Economics
 cost of action and cost of inaction – Stern Report
B- Environmental Accounting
 Environmental Accounting
 Natural Resources Accounting
 Ecological Accounting
C- Environmental Assessment
Strategic Environmental Assessment
Cumulative Environmental Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment
D- Ecological Footprint :
 Accounting tool measures a population's
demand on nature.
 Footprint of a country=
A- Total area required to produce food, fibre and
timber nation consumes
B- Absorb its waste
C- Space for infrastructure.
 The Ecological Footprint is measured
in global hectares.
 Global hectare 1 hectare of
biologically productive space.
 Biologically Productive Area:
 land and sea area with significant
photosynthetic activity and production
of biomass.
 Earth's biocapacity:
 nature's ability to produce resources
from its biologically productive area.
Ecological Footprint
Ecological Foot Print
147 Countries
57 Countries in Debt
90 Debtor Country
Arab Countries among those :
1/2 United Arab Emirates
4 Kuwait
21 Saudi Arabia
38 Libya
45 Lebanon
Debtor Arab Countries
60- Syria 70- Jordan 77- Algeria 78- Tunis
84- Egypt 103- Sudan 107- Iraq
110- Morocco 131- Yemen 146- Somalia
Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Mauritania,
Cameron, Djibouti and Palestine not
include.
Egypt Foot Print
United States of America Foot Print
Humanities Foot Print
Where are we today?
- In 2005 ESIs, the Earth’s biocapacity gives 1.8
global hectares per person. Same year consumption
2.2 global hectares per person. Overshoot started
1980.
- In 2005 ESIs, humanity’s Ecological
Footprint exceeded global biocapacity by 0.4
global hectare per person, twenty- three per
cent.
 Global overshoot began mid 1980s.
 Nature’s capital spent faster than it is
being regenerated.
 Equity and Intergenerational Rights
THANK YOU