Transcript Slide 1

Sea Level Change in the UK
http://www.discoverysoftware.co.uk/GallerySeaLevel.htm
KEY TERMS – SEA LEVEL CHANGE
EUSTATIC – Global-scale sea level change caused by a
change in the volume of water in the ocean store
ISOSTATIC – Local-scale sea level change caused by a
change in the level of the land relative to the level of the sea.
EMERGENCE – the impact of a fall in Sea-Level
(Marine REGRESSION)
SUBMERGENCE – the impact of a rise in Sea-Level
(Marine TRANSGRESSION)
Source: http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122/1122SeaLevelChange.jpeg
EUSTATIC CHANGES (Global scale - change volume of water in ocean – due to
physical factors such as Climate Change)
• Decrease in temp – result in growth of ice caps and global fall in sea-level
• Rise in temp – causes retreat of glaciers / thawing of ice-capes – global rise in
sea-level
NB. THERMAL EXPANSION of water is also a significant components of sea-level
change – as atmospheric temperatures rise – this causes thermal expansion of the
water, and further sea-level rise.
ISOSTATIC CHANGES (Local scale – caused by change in height of land leading to
a relative sea-level change – due to physical factors – e.g. readjustment as glaciers
form / melt and during the processes of orogeny)
• During glacial period – mass of ice – adds weight to earths crust causing it to sink
lower into the mantle (relative rise in the sea-level)
• End of glacial period – mass of ice melts – weight is lost from crust – which then
rises (isostatic re-adjustment) – results in a relative fall in sea-level.
(some places in Scotland still undergoing isostatic re-adjustment – up to 7mm per
year in some areas)
* Uplift / Mountain building due to plate movements may also result in a relative fall
in sea-level as land rises up.
LANDFORMS OF SUBMERGENCE
These are caused by a relative rise in sea level – the sea spreads over the land
(marine transgression) and the coastline retreats
1. RIAS
e.g. Kingsbridge Ria – South Devon
Rias are submerged RIVER
VALLEYS.
The lowest part of the River’s
course and the floodplains
alongside the river may be
completely drowned, but the
higher land forming the tops
of the valley sides and the
middle and upper part of the
river’s course remain
exposed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RIA:
PLAN VIEW
CROSS SECTION
LONG PROFILE
Show a winding profile,
reflecting the original
route of the river and its
valley.
Relatively shallow water –
becomes increasingly deep
towards the centre
(representing the lowest
point of the flooded valley /
old river channel). Exposed
valley sides – gently
sloping.
Have a quite even and
smooth profile with
water of a fairly uniform
depth – although
deepest water is at the
mouth.
Photo Source: http://www.devon-online.com/towns/salcombe/historyofsalcombe.html
LANDFORMS OF SUBMERGENCE
2. FJORDS
Examples: Sognefiordan, (Norway) and Milford Sound Fjord (New Zealand)
Fjords are submerged GLACIAL VALLEYS
Due to the effects of the glacial erosion which shaped the original landscapes,
these features have very steep sides and the water in Fjords is very deep (can
reach over 1000m in depth.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A FJORD
SOGNEFJORDEN
Photo Source: http://www.sce.carleton.ca/faculty/wainer/Favo/sognefjorden2_8772.jpg
PLAN VIEW
CROSS SECTION
LONG PROFILE
Straighter profile than a
ria – as the glacier has
truncated any
interlocking spurs.
Steep, almost cliff like
valley sides – water is
uniformly deep – often over
1000m in depth – the cross
section is u-shaped which
reflects the original shape
of the glacial valley.
Fjords are not deepest
at their mouth – they
have a shallower section
at the seaward end
known as a threshold
(various theories as to
how this ‘rock lip’ forms)
LANDFORMS OF EMERGENCE
These are caused by relative fall in sea-level (marine
regression)
Raised Beaches – at Little
Gruinard – near Ullapool
(Far NW of Scotland)
Raised Beaches and Abandoned Clifflines
What are Raised Beaches?
Areas of former wave-cut
platforms and their beaches left
at a higher level than present
sea level due to sea level
change. They are found at a
distance inland from the present
coastline.
What are Abandoned
Clifflines?
Source: http://www.petergknight.com/photos/b01.jpg
Commonly find abandoned
(relict cliffs) with wave-cut
notches, caves and arches and
stacks behind the raised
beaches which were formed due
to marine erosion when sealevels were higher.
DOUGARIE – ISLE OF ARRAN
Abandoned Cliff
Stack
Raised Beach
Photo Source: Val Vannet
KINGS CAVE – Isle of Arran (Abandoned Cliffline)
These caves in the sandstone cliffs were originally cut by marine erosion – due to
sea-level change along this ‘emerged’ coastline they are now left high and dry
and unaffected by marine erosion.
Photo Source: Val Vannet
NEWTON POINT, LOCH RANZA (Isle of Arran)
Raised Beach
(no longer affected by wave action)
Photo Source: Val Vannet
SEA LEVEL RISE DURING THE 20th CENTURY
“During the 20th century, global sea level rose by around 20 cm, a rate that may
be higher than at any time during the past thousand years. Without a reduction in
Greenhouse gases, the UK Met Office estimates that sea-levels may rise a further
41cm by 2080, a reflection primarily of the melting of small glaciers and ice sheets
and the thermal expansion of sea-water as temperatures continue to rise.”
(http://www.benfieldhrc.org/climate_change/sea_level_rise/sea_level_rise.htm)
This figure indicates a
sea level rise of
between 18.5 - 20cm
between 1900-2000.
Present sea level rise
is approx 2mm/yr.
Estimates suggest a
rise of 20cm by 2030
and a rise of 1m over
the next 100 years
But what if?.....
Source: Wikipedia
FUTURE SEA LEVEL RISE IN UK – WHAT IF? SCENARIOS
7m Rise in Sea
Level
13m Rise in Sea
Level
Source of Maps: http://www.benfieldhrc.org/climate_change/sea_level_rise/sea_level_rise.htm
If combined with other causes of rising sea level rise – if either the Greenland or
West Antarctic ice sheets melted – expected sea level rise of 7m (many coastal
towns and cities would be flooded) – if both melted a 13m rise could occur!
84m Rise in Sea
Level
If the gigantic East Antarctic
ice sheet (EAIS) also melted
this could result in a
cataclysmic rise of 84m,
which would drown much of
eastern and southern
England and separate
Scotland from England and
Wales.
Source of Maps: http://www.benfieldhrc.org/climate_change/sea_level_rise/sea_level_rise.htm
IMPACT OF RISING SEA-LEVELS ON HUMAN USE OF THE COASTLINE:
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY / AGRICULTURE
•
Many major conurbations and high grade agricultural land are threatened – they
are low lying and at risk of flooding;
•
In the UK 26 million+ live in major urban areas in the coastal zone
•
57% of the most productive agricultural land is below the 5m contour line
•
Cities at risk include Tokyo, Shanghai, London and Calcutta;
•
Major road and railway links near the coast are being threatened;
•
Relocation is expensive
•
Sea Level likely to increase coastal erosion (greater threat to property /
farmland – e.g. Dunwich / Holderness Coast)
2. RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY / AGRICULTURE
•
Several power stations are located on low lying land
•
Coastal nuclear reactors are at risk;
•
Significant loss of income / economic loss if agricultural areas are flooded;
3. TOURISM
•
The impact of rising sea-level on the scenic value of coastlines affects tourist
revenue;
•
As the tide becomes higher, beaches are smaller;
•
More hard defences necessary to reduce flooding are unattractive;
•
Economic loses (tourism is an important economic sector)
4. Wildlife habitats:
•
Coastal ecosystems (e.g. Sand dunes and Salt Marshes) are at risk – see
previous notes;
•
These areas are important for coastal protection and they are home to some of
the most important / spectacular wildlife.
CASE STUDIES:
(MEDC – UK) CHICHESTER AND SELSEY (SUSSEX) – learn some specific
locational detail;
(LEDC – Bangladesh or Egypt)
Potential Impact of Sea Level Rise on Bangladesh:
Bangladesh, one of the world's poorest nations is also the country
most vulnerable to sea-level rise. The population is already severely
affected by storm surges. Catastrophic events in the past have
caused damage up to 100 km inland. It is hard to imagine to what
extent these catastrophes would be with accelerated sea-level rise.
Source: http://www.sdnbd.org/sdi/issues/climate_change/Sea-level%20rise%20on%20Bangladesh.htm