Transcript The Middle Ages - Harvard CUSD Band

Take Quiz on Elements of Music
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Begin the Middle Ages if there’s time
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Middle Ages
Harmonics (c. 330 BC) “Need Good
Ear
Aristoxenus (c. 350 BC) Greek
Theorist
One of earliest examples of music text
& notation
Seikoles Song (1st Century AD)
Organized Plainchant
Pope Gregory I (reigned 590-604 AD)
Notre Dame Organum 1st 4 pt.
polyphony
Perotin (c. 1155-1225)
450-1450
Or
400-1400
Or
500-1400
 Reading in groups: Country Life
 Iconography
 Descriptions in literature & aural traditions
 Surviving Instruments
 Ethnomusicology
 Surviving Lyrics
 Theorists
 Aristoxenus
 Surviving notated music
 Siekolas Song
 500-1400 A.D.
 Starts at end of Roman Emperor
 Sometimes called the Dark Ages
 Patronage system began
 Black Death occurred
 Two styles of music
 Sacred
 Secular
 Most important musicians were priests or people who
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worked for the church.
Music education for the boys for schools associated to
churches
NO SINGING FOR WOMEN!
Some nuns learned to sing (Hildegard of Bingen)
Because of the huge amount of music in the church,
only sacred music was notated for centuries!
Vocal music dominated because churches thought that
instruments played a large role in prior pagan rites
Monks had to sing with pronunciation, concentration
and tone quality
 Melody set to Latin (religious) text
 Monophonic
 3 Types of Gregorian Chant
 Syllabic
 Neumatic
 Mellismatic
 Meant to enhance religious ceremonies
 No exact rhythm (notation of time did not exist yet!)
 Tend to be a narrow range of pitches
 Why do they call it Gregorian chant?
 Passed on by oral tradition
 Intonation
 Reciting Tone (Meditation)
 Termination
 e u o u a e – The vowels used as an abbreviation for
“saeculorum, amen,” the last words of the doxology
 Modes
 Neumes
 Breaths
Middle Ages
 What are the dates of the Middle Ages?
 “Alleluia: Vidimus Stellam
 Translation
 Solo opening phrase –
 Hallelujah
cantor
 Choir opening phrase
 Hallelujah
 Melismatic on ia
 Choir: Vidimus stellam ejus
in Oriente et venimus cum
muneribus adorare
Dominum
 We have seen his star in the
east and are coming with
gifts to worship the Lord
 Introit
 Gradual
 Alleuia
 Tract
 Sequence
 Offertory
 Communion
 Kyrie
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Kyrie Eleison (3x)
Christe Eleison (3X)
Kyrie Eleison (3X)
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Benedictus
Agnus Dei
 All chants are found in the Liber Usualis
 Father was a knight
 Given to the church by
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parents
Became a nun
Wrote poetry, music &
philosophy
Known for having visions
Believed it was okay to
have instruments in
church
 Founded the Miracle Play
 Enactments of scenes from the Bible
 Took place outside the church
 Used heterophony
 More than one sound
 O Successores
 Translation
 Osuccessores fortissimi
 You successors of the
leonis inter templum et
altare – dominantes in
ministratione eius – sicut
angeli sonant in laudibus,
et sicut adsunt populis in
adiutorio, vos estis inter
ilos, qui haec faciunt,
semper curam habentes in
officio agni
mightiest lion between the
temple and the altar – you
the masters in his
household – as the angels
sound forth praises and are
here to help the nations,
you are among those who
accomplish this, forever
showing your care in the
service of the lamb.
 Used sacred text
 Influenced by secular styles
 Drone
 Usually performed outside of the church
 Not religious music
 Song about love or chivalry or nature-sung in their own language
 Medieval minstrels: goliards, jongleurs
 Minstrels were like slaves
 Courtly musicians: troubadours (S. France), trouveres (N.
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France), minnesingers (Germany)
Instrumental dance music was also very popular
Began in notation in the 12th and 13th centuries
Knights were musical poets!
Estampie (dance)
Instruments included rebec, pipe, psaltery
 Medievel Bagpipes
 Became modern day
bagpipes
 http://www.music.iastat
e.edu/antiqua/bagpipe.h
tm
 Bladder pipe
 http://www.music.iastat
e.edu/antiqua/bladpipe.
htm
 Harp
 http://www.music.iastat
e.edu/antiqua/harp.htm
 Gemshorn
 Became modern day
flute
 http://www.music.iastat
e.edu/antiqua/gemshorn
.htm
 Hurdy-Gurdy
 http://www.music.iastat
e.edu/antiqua/hurdy.ht
m
 Pipe and Tabor
 http://www.music.iastat
e.edu/antiqua/pipetabr.h
tm
 Organetto
 http://www.music.iastat
e.edu/antiqua/organeto.
htm
 Psaltery
 http://www.music.iastat
e.edu/antiqua/psaltery.h
tm
 Rebec
 http://www.music.iastat
e.edu/antiqua/rebec.htm
 Shawm
 Became the modern
oboe
 http://www.music.iastat
e.edu/antiqua/renshaw
m.htm
 Polyphony– The single most important development
of music history
 The intentional combination of separate musical lines
 Heterophony – everyone plays melody but improvises
around it at different times
 Drones
 Intentional polyphony
 Began 850-1150
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Gregorian Chant
Doubling of chant at a parallet 4th or 5th
Guido d’Areggo – developed the staff with 4 lines and
4 spaces
Free organum
Melismatic organum
Mass of Notre Dame
 Perotin Alleluia: Nativitas
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJxRDhejtwo
Middle Ages
500-1400 AD
 What was the single most important development in
Western European music?
 What is the definition of:
 Sacred Music
 Secular Music
 Dates of Hildegard von Bingen
 Organum
 Development of the Organum
 Cantus Firmus
 A chant that is used as the basis for polyphony
Ars Nova (c. 1325)
Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361)
Mass of Notre Dame – 1st Polyphonic
setting of the mass ordinary
Guillame de Machaut (c. 1300-1377)
 1290-1361
 Priest, poet and
musician
 Developed a complex
way of writing down
music to accommodate
the more complicated
rhythms and music
 1325 wrote a book called Ars Nova
 New style
 Challenged by Jacobus of Luttich
 Music should be left alone
 Ars Antiqua
 Music of de Vitry
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtoYzKX-e2A
 Age of disintegration
 Hundred Year’s War
 Catastrophic Plague (black death)
 Weakening of the feudal system and Catholic church
 Secular music became much more important than
sacred music
 Beats were subdivided into sets of 2 as well as three
 Syncopation were very profound – became the “new
art”
 ?-1397
 Famous organist
 Poet, scholar and
inventor of string
instruments
 Secular music for 2 or 3
voices
 Love and nature
 Morality and politics
 Most celebrated Italian composer of the 14th century
 Wrote Italian songs for 2 or 3 voices
 Eco la primavera (Spring has come)
 Ballata – Italian poetic and musical form that originated
as a dance-song
 Ecco la primavera
 Translation
 Ecc la primavera, Che ‘
 Spring has come. It
cor fa rallegrare; Temp’e
d’annamorare E star con
lieta cera
 No vegiam l’aria e ‘l
tempo Che pur chiam’
allegrecca
makes the heart joyful;
now is the time to fall in
love and be happy.
 We see the air and the
fine weather which also
call us to be happy.
 In questo vago tempo
Ogni cosa a vaghecca.
 L’erbe con gran
freschecca E fior’
coprono i prati, E gli
albori adornati Sono in
simil manera.
 Ecco la primavera Che
‘lcor fa rallegrare, Temp’e
d’annamorare E star con
lieta cera.
 In this sweet time,
everything is beautiful.
 Flowers and fresh green
grass cover the meadows,
and the trees too are in
blossom.
 Spring has come. It
makes the heart joyful;
now is the time to fall in
love and be happy.
 1300-1377
 Spent much time as a
court official for various
royal families
 Great composer, singer &
performer
 Wrote the first
polyphonic setting of the
mass ordinary
 Mass ordinary consists of texts that remain the same
from day to day throughout most of the church year.
 Written for four voices
 Listening example
 Agnus Dei
 A prayer for mercy and peace
 Triple meter
 3 parts
 Agnus Dei, qui tollis
peccata mundi: miserere
nobis
 Agnus Dei, qui tollis
peccata mundi: miserere
nobis
 Agnus Dei, qui tollis
peccata mundi: miserere
nobis
 Lamb of God, who taketh
away the sins of the
world, have mercy on us
 Lamb of God, who taketh
away the sins of the
world, have mercy on us
 Lamb of God, who taketh
away the sins of the
world, have mercy on us
 Mutant Chant forms
 Tropes
 Sequence
 Bridge between Secular and Sacred Music
 Miracle Plays
 Ballata
 An Italian poetic and musical form that originated as a
dance-song
 The Medieval Period
 The term Middle Ages implies little more than the
period between the “good old days” of Rome, and the
“wonderful new days” of the Renaissance. But during
this time, a thousand years of human history,
something must have happened that would deserve
greater distinction.
 Your job is to get an overall feeling for the period
(actually 3 periods) by filling in the provided chart
Castles in the Middle Ages
 Video on castles
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