Transcript the tissues & integumentary system

THE TISSUES
Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology. Custom edition for Miami
Dade College-Kendall Campus. BSC2085L by Michael G. Wood.
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
TISSUE
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CONCEPT- It is a collection of specialized cells & cell products
that are organized to perform functions
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4 TYPES :
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE
NEURAL TISSUE
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EPITHELIAL Tissue- it covers exposed surfaces (skin),
lines internal passages & chambers in
(Digestive, respiratory, reproductive and ,
urinary systems)
it forms glands
CONNECTIVE Tissue- it fills internal spaces,
provides structure support ,
transports material within the body &
stores energy
MUSCLE TISSUE- it contracts to perform movement.
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it generates heat that warms the body
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NEURAL TISSUE- It carries information from one part of
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the body to another by electrical impulses
FUNCTIONS OF THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES
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PHYSICAL PROTECTION- from abrasion, dehydration,
chemical or biological agents.
CONTROL Permeability- regulated by hormones,
transport ions & nutrients.
PROVIDES SENSATIONS- touch receptors,
neuroepithelium conteins sensory cells
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that produce sensations of smell, taste,
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sigth, equillibrium or hearing.
 PROVIDES SECRETIONS- glands produces
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secretions for physical protection, chemical messangers
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in interstitial fluid & blood.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE EPITHELIA
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SHAPE- SQUAMOUS-thin & flat
CUBOIDAL- like little hexagonal boxes
COLUMNAR-taller & more slender
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NUMBER OF LAYERS
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SIMPLE- single layer of cells
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STRATIFIED- several layers of cells
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COMBINATIONS OF SHAPE & NUMBER
Classification of Epithelia
Classes of Epithelia
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Based on shape
• Squamous epithelia: thin and flat
• Cuboidal epithelia: square shaped
• Columnar epithelia: tall, slender rectangles
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Based on layers
• Simple epithelium: single layer of cells
• Stratified epithelium: several layers of cells
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Martini pg 111
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES WITH EXAMPLES
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS- Lung, serous membranes, lining heart
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS- epidermis, mouth, throat, vagina
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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL- glands, ducts, kidney tubules
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL- linings some ducts
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TRANSITIONAL- urinary bladder, ureters
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SIMPLE COLUMNAR- stomach, gallbladder, uterine tubes
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUMrespiratory tract
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- salivary glands ducts
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ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
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Squamous Epithelia
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Simple squamous
epithelium
• Absorption and
diffusion
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Mesothelium
• Lines body
cavities
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Endothelium
• Lines heart and
blood vessels
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Transitional epithelium
Appearance changes as stretching occurs, Tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and
recoiling and returns to its previous shape without damage.
Simple columnar epithelium
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Stratified columnar epithelium
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
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Connective Tissue
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Connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina)
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Provide structure (bone)
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Store energy (fat)
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Transport materials (blood)
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Have no contact with environment
FUNCTIONS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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It forms an structural framework
 It transports fluid & materials
 It protects delicates organs
 It supports, surrounds & interconnects tissues
 It storages energy
 It contains cells that defend the body from microorganisms
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Characteristics of Connective Tissues
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Specialized cells
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Solid extracellular protein fibers
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Fluid extracellular ground substance
The extracellular components of connective tissues (fibers and ground
substance) make up the matrix
Connective Tissue
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of Connective Tissues
Connective tissue proper
• Connect and protect
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Fluid connective tissues
• Transport
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Supportive connective tissues
• Structural strength
Connective Tissue
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Categories of Connective Tissue Proper
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Loose connective tissue
• More ground substance, less fibers
• For example, fat (adipose tissue)
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Dense connective tissue
• More fibers, less ground substance
• For example, tendons
Connective Tissues
Nine Cell Types of Connective Tissue Proper
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Fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
Macrophages
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal
cells
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Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson
Benjamin Cummings
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Melanocytes
Mast cells
Lymphocytes
Microphages
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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They are long, straigth & unbranched
They are a bundle of fibrous protein subunits
wound together
They have little stretch, but great tensile strengh
They form tendons and ligaments
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COLLAGEN FIBERS
RETICULAR FIBERS
They have same subunits than collagen fibers
But with a different physical arrngement
They form a network that resists forces apply
From many directions and
They stabilize relative position of cells, organs, blood
vessels, nerves & other structures
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
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ELASTIC FIBERS
They contein protein elastin
 They are branched & wavy
 After streching, they can return to their original length
 They lack the tensile strength of collagen
 They dominate in elastic ligaments
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
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AREOLAR
ADIPOSE
RETICULAR
DENSE REGULAR
DENSE IRREGULAR
ELASTIC
CARTILAGE
BONE
BLOOD
LYMPH
Areolar tissue
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Areolar Tissue
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Least specialized
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Open framework
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Viscous ground substance
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Elastic fibers
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Holds blood vessels and capillary beds
• For example, under skin (subcutaneous layer)
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic tissue
Supportive Connective
Tissues
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Support soft tissues and body weight
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Cartilage
• Gel-type ground substance
• For shock absorption and protection
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Bone
• Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals)
• For weight support
Supportive Connective Tissues
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Cartilage Matrix
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Proteoglycans derived from chondroitin sulfates
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Ground substance proteins
Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) surrounded by lacunae (chambers)
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Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson
Benjamin Cummings
Supportive Connective Tissues
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Cartilage Structure
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No blood vessels:
• Chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor
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Perichondrium:
• Outer, fibrous layer (for strength)
• Inner, cellular layer (for growth and maintenance)
Supportive Connective Tissues
Figure 4–13 The Growth of Cartilage.
Supportive Connective Tissues
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Types of Cartilage
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Hyaline cartilage
• Stiff, flexible support
• Reduces friction between bones
• Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea
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Elastic cartilage
• Supportive but bends easily
• Found in external ear and epiglottis
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Fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage)
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Limits movement
Prevents bone-to-bone contact
Pads knee joints
Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs
Supportive Connective Tissues
Figure 4–14 The Types of Cartilage.
Supportive Connective Tissues
Figure 4–14 The Types of Cartilage.
Supportive Connective Tissues
Figure 4–14 The Types of Cartilage.
Bone tissue
Blood
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Muscle Tissue
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Specialized for contraction
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Produces all body movement
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Three types of muscle tissue
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Skeletal muscle
• Large body muscles responsible for movement
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Cardiac muscle
• Found only in the heart
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Smooth muscle
• Found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood
vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive, and
reproductive tracts)
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson
Benjamin Cummings
Muscle Tissue
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Classification of Muscle Cells
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Striated (muscle cells with a banded appearance)
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Nonstriated (not banded; smooth)
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Muscle cells can have a single nucleus
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Muscle cells can be multinucleate
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Muscle cells can be controlled voluntarily
(consciously)
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Muscle cells can be controlled involuntarily
(automatically)
Muscle Tissue
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Skeletal Muscle Cells
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Are long and thin
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Are usually called muscle fibers
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Do not divide
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New fibers are produced by stem cells (myosatellite cells)
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson
Benjamin Cummings
Muscle Tissue
 Cardiac
muscle cells
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Are called cardiocytes
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Form branching networks connected at intercalated discs
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Are regulated by pacemaker cells
Muscle Tissue
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Smooth muscle cells
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Are small and tapered
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Can divide and regenerate
Figure 4–18 Muscle Tissue.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson
Benjamin Cummings
Neural Tissue
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called nervous or nerve
tissue
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Specialized for conducting electrical impulses
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Rapidly senses internal or external environment
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Processes information and controls responses
Neural tissue is concentrated in the central nervous
system
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Brain
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Spinal cord
Neural Tissue
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Two Kinds of Neural Cells
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Neurons
• Nerve cells
• Perform electrical
communication
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Neuroglia
• Supporting cells
• Repair and supply
nutrients to neurons
Neural Tissue
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Cell Parts of a Neuron
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Cell body
• Contains the nucleus and
nucleolus
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Dendrites
• Short branches extending
from the cell body
• Receive incoming signals
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Axon (nerve fiber)
• Long, thin extension of the
cell body
• Carries outgoing electrical
signals to their destination
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