Transcript skeletal system

SKELETAL SYSTEM
The body is
made of cells.
Cells group together
to form tissues,
which join to make
organs.
Organs are tissues
joined together to
perform specific
functions, such as the
heart, kidneys, and
lungs.
When different
organs join together,
they are called organ
systems.
There are 9 main
organ systems in
the human body.
• digestive
• excretory
• circulatory
• respiratory
• reproductive
• nervous
• muscular
• endocrine
• skeletal
The nervous
system includes
the spinal cord
and the brain.
The vertebrae are
bony structures
that create the
spine.
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They form a
protective
shield for the
spinal cord.
spinal cord
vertebrae
the brain
The brain has 4 basic parts
•cerebellum
• cerebrum
• brain stem
• hypothalamus
The cerebrum is the
largest section of
the brain. It is
divided into two
halves.
The left side
mainly controls
language and
speech
The right side
controls math and
music.
The cerebellum
controls balance,
posture, and
coordination.
At the top of the
spinal cord is the
brain stem.
The brain stem controls
involuntary actions such as
breathing, swallowing,
heart contractions,
digestion, and movement
of blood through various
vessels.
The medulla is an
enlarged area of the
brain stem. It controls
the function of internal
organs.
The hypothalamus
controls blood pressure,
heart rate, temperature,
hunger, thirst, and
emotions.
Muscular
System
The muscular system
works with the skeletal
system to allow
movement of our
bodies.
There are 3 types
of muscles.
smooth
• involuntary muscles
• long, thin, pointed at each
end
• form into sheets
• examples: intestines, stomach
smooth muscle
skeletal
•voluntary
•joined in bundles
•cylinder shaped
skeletal muscle
cardiac
•involuntary
•heart muscle
cardiac muscle
Muscles receive nerve
signals to work. When a
message is sent, a muscle
contracts or gets smaller.
When the message stops,
the muscle relaxes.
Flexor muscles bend
body joints. Extensor
muscles straighten
body joints.
Flexor and
extensor muscles
usually work in
pairs.
If a movement is not
caused by bending or
straightening a body
joint, it is called
abduction or
adduction.
Abduction is when
movement away from
the body occurs.
Adduction involves
moving toward the
body.
Some muscles are
attached to bones by
tendons. They are nonelastic and firmly join
bones together.
Others are attached by
ligaments. They are
elastic tissues that
attach bone to bone in
moveable joints.
The skeletal system has 5
functions
• shape and support the body
• allows movements
• protect tissues and organs
• store certain materials
• produce blood cells
Bones are living
tissues and
contains cells,
nerves, and blood
vessels.
The primary function of
bones is to support and
give shape to the body
and to provide protection
for the soft internal
structures.
There are 206
bones in the
human skeleton.
axial skeleton
skull, vertebrae, ribs,
sternum
appendicular skeleton
arms and legs
Bones start as soft,
flexible cartilage and
gradually harden into
hard bone over a
period of several
years.
A bone is like a
tube. The outside
is made of hard,
dense compact
bone.
A living skin
called periosteum
covers the bone.
Inside is a jelly-like
tissue called marrow.
There are 2 types of
marrow found in bones.
Red marrow is located in
the ends of long bones,
such as arm and leg
bones, sternum, ribs,
vertebrae, and parts of the
skull.
Red marrow
manufactures red
and white blood
cells the body
needs to survive.
Yellow marrow is
located in the center
of other bones. It
stores necessary fats
and minerals.
JOINTS
Joints are locations
where bones
connect to allow a
movement to occur.
These movements are
controlled by the
muscles, which are
attached to the bones
at the joint.
DIFFERENT
DIFFERENTTYPES
TYPES
OF
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JOINTS
BALL AND SOCKET
shoulder and hip
allows movement in
many directions
socket
ball
socket
ball
HINGE
elbow, knee,
phalanges, and jaw
injury can occur if
twisted
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PIVOT
head, neck and forearm
180 degree limited
movement
forearm
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SADDLE
thumb
ELLIPSOID
wrist
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GLIDING
wrist, ankle, spine
movement in many
directions, but amount
of movement is limited
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skull
no movement
Bones involved in
joints have a
slippery, shiny
cartilage at the end
where they meet.
This covering keeps a
joint’s movements
smooth and prevents
the bones from
wearing out.
LIGAMENT
tough strand of tissue
that joins bones
tendons
tendons are elastic
supports that attach bone
to bone and allow flexible
movement
CARTILAGE
padding between joints
that acts as shock
absorber and prevents
bones from rubbing
together.
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SKULL
The skull consists of 8
curved bones linked
firmly at wiggly lines
called sutures.
sutures
The skull’s purpose
is to protect the
brain and cushion
blows to it.
SPINAL
COLUMN
There are 24
vertebrae in a
human body.
Between each of
these vertebrae are
washer-like disks of
flexible cartilage.
This cartilage is a
tough, elastic tissue
that allows
movement between
the vertebrae.
It also cushions the
pieces of the spine so
that they do not rub
against each other.
vertebrea
spinal disc
vertebrea
There are 5 main
parts to the spinal
column.
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CERVIVCAL SPINE
supports the neck and
skull and consists of 7
vertebrae
THORACIC SPINE
supports the thorax
(chest of 24 ribs) and
consists of 12 vertebrae
LUMBAR SPINE
carries most of the
body’s weight and
consists of 5
vertebrae
SACRUM
fusion of 5 sacral
vertebrae into 1 vertebra
that transmits body
weight to the hip joints
COCCYX
2-4 fused coccygeal
vertebrae that
represents tail of our
ancestors
THORAX
Consists of 24 flexible ribs
joined by cartilage. Their
purpose is to protect the
structures (heart and lungs)
inside the chest.
The ribs connect to a
fibrous, spongy bone in
front called the
sternum.
Bones of the Body
SHOULDER
There are 3 bones that
make up the area of the
body called the shoulder.
They are the scapula,
clavicle, and humerus.
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ARM
The 3 bones of the
arm are the humerus,
radius, and ulna
HAND
There are 27 small bones
that connect the hand to
the arm at the wrist area.
We are going to combine
them into three main
groups: the carpals,
metacarpals, and
phalanges.
CARPALS
METACARPALS
PHALANGES
HIPS
The bones in the hips are
grouped together and
called the pelvis or pelvic
girdle.
LEG
There are 4 major bones that
combine to make a leg. They
are the femur, tibia, fibula,
and the patella, which is also
known as the kneecap.
FOOT
As with the hand, there
are many small bones that
are in the ankle area
where the foot attaches to
the leg.
We are going to group
them into 3 main groups.
They are the tarsals,
metatarsals, and
phalanges.
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges