Transcript issues & membranes

Figure 4.1 Overview of four tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Nervous tissue: Internal communication
• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement
• Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
• Muscles of heart (cardiac)
• Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between different
environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
• Skin surface (epidermis)
• Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs
Connective tissue: Supports, protects, binds
other tissues together
• Bones
• Tendons
• Fat and other soft padding tissue
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Figure 4.1a Types of epithelial tissues. (1 of 2)
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Figure 4.1a Types of epithelial tissues. (2 of 2)
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Figure 4.1b Types of epithelial tissues.
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Figure 4.5 Types of multicellular exocrine glands. (DON’T NEED TO KNOW DETAILS)
Tubular
secretory
structure
Simple duct structure
Compound duct structure
(duct does not branch)
(duct branches)
Simple tubular
Simple branched
tubular
Example
Example
Compound tubular
Intestinal glands
Stomach (gastric)
glands
Duodenal glands of small intestine
Example
Alveolar
secretory
structure
Simple
alveolar
Simple branched
alveolar
Compound alveolar
Example
Example
Example
No important
example in humans
Sebaceous (oil)
glands
Mammary glands
Surface epithelium
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Duct
Secretory epithelium
Compound
tubuloalveolar
Example
Salivary glands
Nuclei of simple squamous
cell
Red blood cells
Lumen of venule
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Simple squamous cells
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Simple squamous cell
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Nucleus
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Figure 4.3c Epithelial tissues.
(c) Simple columnar epithelium
Description: Single layer of tall cells
with round to oval nuclei; some cells
bear cilia; layer may contain mucussecreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).
Simple
columnar
epithelial
cell
Function: Absorption; secretion of
mucus, enzymes, and other substances;
ciliated type propels mucus (or
reproductive cells) by ciliary action.
Location: Nonciliated type lines most of
the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal),
gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some
glands; ciliated variety lines small
bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions
of the uterus.
Basement
membrane
Photomicrograph: Simple columnar epithelium
of the stomach mucosa (860X).
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Microvilli
Nucleus
Simple columnar cell
Simple columnar cell
Goblet cell
Microvilli
Goblet cells (secreting)
Simple columnar epithelial cells
Figure 4.4 Goblet cell (unicellular exocrine gland).
Microvilli
Secretory
vesicles
containing
mucin
Rough ER
Golgi
apparatus
(a)
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Nucleus
(b)
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Figure 4.3 Fibrous connective tissue. (DON’T NEED TO KNOW THE CELL TYPES, EXCEPT FOR FIBROBLAST.)
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Table 4.1 Types of connective tissues
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Collagen fibers
Figure 4.8e Connective tissues.
(e) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular
Description: Primarily
irregularly arranged collagen
fibers; some elastic fibers;
major cell type is the fibroblast.
Nuclei of
fibroblasts
Function: Able to withstand
tension exerted in many
directions; provides structural
strength.
Location: Fibrous capsules of
organs and of joints; dermis of
the skin; submucosa of
digestive tract.
Fibrous
joint
capsule
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Collagen
fibers
Photomicrograph: Dense irregular
connective tissue from the dermis of the
skin (400x).
Figure 4.8f Connective tissues.
(f) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic
Description: Dense regular
connective tissue containing a high
proportion of elastic fibers.
Function: Allows recoil of tissue
following stretching; maintains
pulsatile flow of blood through
arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs
following inspiration.
Elastic fibers
Location: Walls of large arteries;
within certain ligaments associated
with the vertebral column; within the
walls of the bronchial tubes.
Aorta
Heart
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Photomicrograph: Elastic connective tissue in
the wall of the aorta (250x).
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Figure 4.5a Examples of special connective tissues.
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Figure 4.5b Examples of special connective tissues.
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Covering and lining membranes
• Epithelial
– Cutaneous (skin)
– Mucous (body cavities that open to the
exterior
– Serous (closed body cavities)
• Synovial (connective tissue)
Figure 4.11 Classes of membranes.
Cutaneous membrane
(skin
Mucosa of nasal
cavity
Mucosa of mouth
Esophagus lining
(a) Cutaneous membrane (the
skin) covers the body surface.
Mucosa of lung
bronchi
(b) Mucous membranes line body
cavities open to the exterior.
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
(c) Serous membranes line body cavities
closed to the exterior.
Parietal
peritoneum
Visceral
peritoneum
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Synovial membranes
• Connective tissue, not epithelial
• Lines synovial cavities, which are
fluid-filled (joints)