Transcript Document

Injuries and
First Aid
The aim of this lesson is to learn
about common sporting injuries
and prevention techniques
What:
Consider how injuries are caused and the type
of injury that results.
Consider the precautions that can be taken to
prevent injuries occuring
How:
Powerpoint
Discussion
Why:
To improve your knowledge of injuries for real
life situations and your GCSE exam.
The chance of getting injured while taking part in
physical activity are quite high and most
performers get injured at some time.
Injury prevention should be paramount and all
precautions should be taken to avoid and minimise
the risk of injury.
Technique and safe practice:
Correct technique should be used at all times.
Poor technique can result in injury to performer
and opponent. These injuries are considered to be
in the categories of internally and externally
caused injuries.
Internally caused injuries:
These are injuries where a performer is solely responsible.
Overuse injuries.
Can be caused by training or performing too much. Can
include stress fractures and muscle and tendon injuries.
Tennis players can suffer from tennis elbow and many
footballers suffer cartilage damage.
Stress fractures: a brake in the bone caused by repeated application of a heavy load or
constant pounding on a hard surface such as by running.
Tennis elbow: a painful injury or inflammation of the tendon attached to the elbow joint.
Sudden injuries
The strain put on the body owing to lots of stretching, twisting
and turning, often resulting in injuries such as hamstring
pulls.
Externally caused injuries
Caused by factors other than the performer themselves, such
as equipment, opponent and playing conditions.
 Foul play – usually involves opponents and these types of
injuries can often be quite serious. This is why there are
rules to stop them happening.
 Impact injuries – Physical impact is permitted within the
rules of many sports (rugby, hockey,football) and also
happens in many others (basketball). There can also be
contact with equipment, (footy boots, hockey sticks, vaulting
boxes) and impact with the playing surface itself.
Equipment / clothing
Faulty or damaged equipment.
Badly fitting or inappropriate clothing.
Accidents
Whatever precautions are in place, there will unfortunately
always be some accidents resulting in injury!
Precautions
Carry out a risk assessment and follow findings.
Carry out a warm up before exercise.
Follow (& enforce) rules.
How to Avoid overuse Injuries

Develop correct
technique: Poor long
distance running
technique leads to
back injuries.
 Choose kit and
equipment carefully,
especially footwear.
 Allow enough time for
full recovery between
training sessions
and/or events.
•
Follow heavy training
days with light days.
As your body adapts
to training it
recovers, if you don’t
recover you’ll gain no
training adaptation.
How to avoid sudden Injuries

Consider the event itself:

Make sure you play at the
right level for you. It can
be dangerous to play
against people who are
bigger,stronger or more
skilful.
•
Know the rules of the sport
and obey them. They were
developed to protect you
as well as test your skill.
Pay attention to advice or
warnings given by
coaches, referees and
other officials.
What:
Be aware of the action to take if an accident or
emergency occurs.
Have a knowledge of injuries associated with
different activities.
Be aware of particular injuries and the actions
that may be taken.
How:
Powerpoint
Discussion
Why:
To improve your knowledge of injuries for real
life situations and your GCSE exam.
HEAD INJURIES
 You should place the person in the coma
position making sure they can breathe
easily – check nose and mouth for
blockages – if they are not breathing you
will need to follow CPR.
Concussion can occur. Apparent from loss of
consciousness, very relaxed limbs, weak pulse,
slow/shalllow breathing, dilated pupils or bleeding
from the ears. Get expert help immediately
Dilated – enlarged, expanded or widened.
Bone and Joint Injuries
Fractured bones:
 A fracture is a break or
crack in a bone. In a
SIMPLE or CLOSED
fracture the skin is not
broken. In an OPEN or
COMPOUND fracture
the skin is damaged
too.
Signs and Symptoms:
 The casualty may have
heard or felt a snap.
 Pain and tenderness
around the injury.
 The casualty cant move
the part normally.
 Swelling and bruising
occur.
 The limb may look
deformed and twisted.
Types of Fractures
 There are several types
of fracture, each differing
due to the age of the
bone and the type of
impact, blow or pressure
placed on it.
 Greenstick: A pressure
or impact buckles or
bends a bone but only
partially breaks it. This
fracture is common in the
developing bones of
young children, whose
bones are quite springy.
 Closed fractures are more
common and mean that the
skin isn't broken
 Open fractures involve the
broken end of the bone
coming through the skin
 All fractures usually cause
bruising and swelling because
of associated damage to
surrounding blood vessels
 They are also very painful
because nerves within the
bone are damaged
 A stress fracture is a thin
crack in a bone, which can
be caused by overuse and
continuous stress to the
bone. These are common
in the legs of runners and
soldiers. Stress fractures
are the only form of
overuse bone injury, all
other fractures are sudden
 Any suspected fracture
should be x-rayed
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
 Soft tissue is basically
anything that isn't bone!
So muscles, ligaments,
tendons, skin, cartilage
etc. Soft tissue injuries can
be either overuse or
sudden. They can also be
open or closed
 Open
 Open injuries are when the
skin is broken through
cuts, grazes etc
 Closed
 Closed injuries happen
when the skin stays
intact, and the injury is
underneath the skin.
 EXAMPLES
 Sprains - ligament
damage. Ligaments
attach bones to bones
and keep a joint together.
Sprains can occur as a
result of a violent twisting
or side-ways movement
to the joint (such as when
you roll the ankle over
and sprain it)
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (CONT)
 Strains - muscle
damage. These are also
known as pulled
muscles and can vary in
severity with some only
causing minor damage
and other tearing the
whole muscle (a
rupture)! These are
usually caused by
overstretching. The
hamstrings are the most
common example
 Bruising - bleeding
underneath the skin.
This usually happens
as a result of an
impact such as being
hit with a cricket ball
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (CONT)
 Dislocations - a bone is
pulled away from the
normal joint position. The
most common example is
the shoulder, where the
humerus (arm bone) is
pulled out of the socket.
This can cause damage to
the surrounding soft tissues
and must be scanned with
an MRI before being
repositioned
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (CONT)
 Cartilage tears cartilage within the
knee is most
commonly injured.
This happens
through violent
twisting or impacts
which force the knee
out of line
Hypothermia
A rapid cooling of the body when the temperature
drops very quickly. If the person is wearing wet
clothing remove these immediately and wrap them
in dry clothing or blankets.
Sprain – the overstretching or tearing
of ligaments at a joint.
Strain – the overstretching of a muscle
rather than a joint
RICE TREATMENT
 For joint and muscle injuries including
sprains, strains, cramp, dislocations and
pulled muscles:
R
I
C
E
-
REST
ICE
COMPRESSION
ELEVATION
Rest –
Ice –
stop straight away
reduces swelling and relieves
pain
Compression – Bandage or tape affected
to give support and pressure.
(Don’t over tighten as this could
restrict blood flow!)
Elevation – Raise injured body part to
decrease circulation to the area
and drain away any other fluids.
SHOCK
 2 Types of shock –
 Primary shock – faintness which comes on
straight after an emotional or traumatic event –
passes quite quickly with reassurance an keeping
warm.
 True shock – far more serious. This comes about
after a serious injury e.g. a bad cut or fracture.
The person will be close to collapse, grey in
colour and probably shaking. It is essential that
they are treated in hospital. Call an ambulance
immediately.
Cuts
These can vary in size and seriousness.
However all cuts should be treated in order to
avoid possible infection. Clean and dress cut with
a plaster for small cuts and a bandage for larger
ones.
GENERAL RULES TO FOLLOW
 Do not move the person unless you are sure what
the injury is,
 If they are unconscious or have been you must
phone an ambulance as they must be checked.
 Look at the damaged area and see if there are
any signs of injury – if it is obvious , cuts or
wounds then ask if they can move the area of
injury and stop the bleeding- by pressure with a
clean cloth or bandage.
 If there is no cut talk to the person? – does it hurt,
can you move it? Then look for swellings,
misshapen areas or tenderness.
 If they feel able to stand and move on their own
then they should decide if they are able to
continue – any doubts at all Stop. Playing on can
really aggravate what was a non serious injury.
 If you have had problems going through these
stages then you must get expert help straight
away – big difference between first aid and
medical treatment.
Key Terms
 Stress fractures – a break in the bone caused by
repeated application of a heavy load or constant pounding
on a surface, such as running
 Tennis Elbow – a painful injury or inflammation of the
tendon attached to the elbow joint
 Dilated – enlarged, expanded or widened.
 Sprains – the overstretching or tearing of ligaments at
a joint
 Strains – the overstretching of a muscle, rather than a
joint.