Transcript Pharos university Faculty of Allied Medical SCIENCE Medical

Dr. Tarek El Sewedy
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology
Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences
LECTURE 7
Diseases and disorders
&
Nomenclature of Cancer
Intended Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, students will learn:
1. examples of medical terms used to describe some diseases
and disorders.
2. Nomenclature of Cancer
Lecture content
 Common diseases and disorders.
 Cancer terminology
Diseases and disorders
Term
Definitions
aplasia
1. Congenital absence of an organ or tissue.
2. Incomplete or defective development of an organ
3. Cessation of usual regenerative process in an organ
atresia
describes the congenital absence of a normal opening
or the failure of a structure to be tubular
cystic fibrosis
a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas
are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick
mucus
genetic disorder
a pathological condition caused by an absent or
defective gene
functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological or
anatomical cause can be identified
muscular dystrophy
the term used to describe a group of genetic diseases
that are characterized by progressive weakness and
degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control
movement
nosocomial infection
a disease acquired in a hospital
Nasal Aplasia
Radial Aplasia (thumb)
Radial Aplasia
Ear atresia
The jejunum is the middle section of
the small intestine
Cystic fibrosis
muscular dystrophy
Term
Definitions
leukaemia
type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the
number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood forming
tissues, circulating blood
megaloblastic anaemia
a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red
blood cells are larger than normal
thalassemia
an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe
anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and few red blood cells
than normal
acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
the most advanced, and fatal, stage of an HIV infection
anaphylaxis
a severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms
develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die
within a few minutes
autoimmune disorder
carcinoma
any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition
in which the immune system produces antibodies against its
own tissues
a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
Anaphylaxis
Term
Definitions
carcinoma in situ
describes a malignant tumor in its original position that has
not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues
ductal carcinoma in situ
breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has
broken through the wall of the milk duct
opportunistic infection
caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an
illness in healthy humans
sarcoma
a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues.
acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)
a form of sudden severe lung dysfunction affecting both
lungs, making breathing extremely difficult
sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS)
the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently
healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 weeks and 1
year
anorexia nervosa
psychiatric illness, an eating disorder characterized by a
false perception of body appearance
anorexia nervosa
anorexia nervosa
sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS)
Term
botulism
Definitions
food poisoning characterized by paralysis and
often death; caused by the bacterium
Clostridium botulinum
an eating disorder characterized by frequent
episodes of binge eating followed by
bulimia nervosa
inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as
self-induced vomiting
cirrhosis
a progressive degenerative disease of the liver
salmonellosis
an infectious disease of the intestines that is
transmitted by food contaminated with feces
Terminology of cancer
Medical Terminology of cancer
• Neoplasia and neoplasm are the accurate, scientific
names for abnormal growths.
• Neoplasms can be benign or malignant.
• Cancer is a widely used word that is usually
understood as synonymous with malignant neoplasm.
• Because of its popularity relative to 'neoplasia', the
term Cancer is used frequently instead of 'neoplasia‘.
• Cancers are classified by the type of cell that resembles the
tumour and, therefore, the tissue presumed to be the origin
of the tumour.
• The following general categories are usually accepted:
1.
Carcinoma: malignant tumours derived from epithelial
cells. This group represent the most common cancers,
including the common forms of breast, prostate, lung and
colon cancer.
2.
Lymphoma and Leukaemia: malignant tumours derived
from blood and bone marrow cells.
3.
Sarcoma: malignant tumours derived from connective
tissue.
4. Glioma: tumours derived from brain cells
5. germ cell tumours: tumours derived from germ cells,
normally found in the testicle and ovary.
6. Choriocarcinoma: malignant tumours derived from the
placenta.
• Hepatocarcinoma: a malignant tumour of liver cells.
• Liposarcoma: a malignant tumour of the fat cells.
• adenocarcinoma: carcinoma of glandular tissues.
• carcin(o)- (cancer causing).
• benign – tumor at a stage preceding malignant
• malignant – full blown cancer tumor
• hyperplasia –Excessive growing of a group of cells.
• Metastasis- Migration of cancerous cells from origin to
another tissue.
• un-differentiated cells (ex. stem cells): typically
differentiate to become a specialized cell type (skin
cells, blood cells, etc)
• de-differentiation: refers to the apparent reversal of
this process (such that the cell no longer appears to
possess the properties of a stem cell, blood cell,
etc).
‫‪Students selected for assignments‬‬
‫هدير كمال جمعة أبو بكر‬
‫رحمة مسعد عبد اللطيف‬
Assignments
• Students on next slide are requested to prepare a
presentation (minimum of 5 slides) on any the following
topics:
1. Body parts and organization
2. Abbreviations used in medical fields
3. Cancer terminology
Assignments should be delivered by next week
Study questions
• - Write the suffix and the meaning for the following words hat means
“condition of” in each of the following words:
• 1. egotism (exaggerated self-importance)
• 2. dysentery (intestinal disorder)
• 3. insomnia (inability to sleep)
• 4. parasitism (infection with parasites or behaving as a parasite)
• 5. thrombosis (having a blood clot in a vessel)
• 6. psoriasis (skin disease)
• 7. analgesia (absence of pain)
• 8. sclerosis (hardening)
Reference books
1 – Medical Terminology an illustrated Guide by Barbara Jonson
Cohen 2003
2 – “Medical Terminology Simplified” F. A David 2009
3 – “Medical Terminology system : Approach Fifth Edition” Barbara A
Gylys 2004