Transcript 幻灯片 1

Brainstorming
invention
evidence
equipment
scientific
discovery research
science
lab
method
do
carry out experiment
perform
The stages of a scientific research
⑦
③
④
②
①
⑤
⑥
draw a conclusion
think of a method
collect results
make up a question
find a problem
analyse the results
repeat if necessary
John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”
deadly
= causing death
infectious = that can be spread quickly
SARS
Bird flu
AIDS
John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”
deadly
infectious
severe serious
Many thousands of terrified people
died every time there was an outbreak.
whenever cholera broke out.
a person died of cholera, John made a mark on
the map.
Every time a person died of cholera, John made a
mark on the map.
John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”
deadly
infectious
severe serious
mysterious
Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.
Cholera would never be controlled until its cause
was found.
Only when its cause was found would cholera
never be controlled .
John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”
John Snow
(1813-1858)
A famous doctor in London
Attended Queen Victoria as
her personal physician.
He was so expert.
He became inspired when he
thought about helping ordinary
people exposed
it.
who weretoexposed
to it.
How did John defeat cholera?
Nobody knew the cause or the
draw a conclusion
1.The problem cure⑦
of cholera.
think of
a method
③disease
Is the
absorbed
into
2.The question
collect
results
④ with
bodies
meals?
He marked
onup
a map
where all
a question
② make
3.The method
the dead
hadalived.
problem
① find
Many
the deaths
near
the were
results
⑤ofanalyse
4.The result
the water
pump.
⑥ repeat if necessary
5.The conclusion The water was to blame.
Finding the cause: two theories
Theory 1:
Cholera multiplied in the air.
A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it
found its victims.
Theory 2:
People absorbed this disease into their bodies
with their meals.
From the stomach the disease quickly attacked
the body and soon the affected person died.
John Snow's Cholera Map
16
pump
37 38
1.Many of the deaths were
near the water pump.
2.Some families who had not
drunk the water from the
pump had no deaths.
40
7
8
9
Water !
John Snow's Cholera Map
16
pump
37 38
40
7
8
9
It seemed that the water was
the troublemaker.
It seemed that the water was
the cause of the problem.
Water !
Finding more supporting evidence
1.The source of water came from the
river polluted.
2.The disease slowed down soon after the handle
was removed from the pump.
3. A woman and her daughter drank the water
and died.
They had it delivered to their house every day.
They asked someone to deliver the water to their
house.
What did John do after his discovery?
• Suggest that the source of all the water
supplies be examined.
should
• Instruct the water companies not to expose
people to polluted water.
= officially tell somebody to do …
The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air
was (be)
His
pale
face
suggested
that
he
_____
without reasons.
be sent
seriously ill. And we suggested that he _________
The second suggested that people absorbed this disease
(send)
the hospital
atmeals.
once.
into
theirtobodies
with their
Summary
ttended
xpert that he a________Queen
John Snow was so e ______
Victoria . He wanted to find the c_____
ause of cholera in order
efeat it. He was determined to face the c_________
to d_____
hallenge so
that people e_______
xposed to it would not be v________
ictims of the
eadly disease. In 1854 when a cholera b______
d______
roke out, he
began to c_______
ollect information. He m______
arked on a map
where all the dead people had lived and he found that many
ump
people who had drunk the dirty water from the p______
arried the
died. So he decided that the polluted water c_______
andle He s________
uggested
virus. He told people to remove the h______.
ource of all water supply be e_________
xamined and the
that the s_____
nstructed not to e________
water companies were i__________
xpose
people to polluted water any more. He eventually
efeated
d_______“King
Cholera”.