Transcript Infection Control, Medical Emergencies, Vital Signs & Oxygen

Infection Control, Vital Signs,
Oxygen & Medical Emergencies
RTEC A
Week 13
Warning:
blood and guts to follow !
Infection Control
• Microorganisms
• Infectious
Disease
• Chain of Infection
• Nosocomial
Infection
• Disease Control
• Environment
Microorganisms
that cause disease

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi
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Protozoa
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Can grow in or on
an animal or plant
and cause diseases.

Host: animal or
plant that provides
life support to
another organism.
Microorganisms

Disease: Any change from the normal
structure or function in the human
body.

Infection: Growth of a microorganism
on or in a host.
Disease
• Disease occurs
only when the
microorganism
causes injury to
the host
Pathogen

A disease producing microorganism.
 Multiply
in large numbers and cause an
obstruction
 Cause tissue damage
 Secrete substance that produce effects in
the body

Exotoxins ( high body temp, nausea, vomiting)
Bacteria
 Strep Throat
 Bacterial
Pneumonia
 Food Poisoning
Protozoan
• Trichomonas
Vaginalis
• Plasmodium
Vivax
– Malaria
Viruses
• Common cold
• Mononucleosis
• Warts
Fungi
• Athlete’s Foot
– Tinea pedis
• Ringworm
6 Steps of Infection

Encounter

Multiplication

Entry

Damage

Spread

Outcome
Chain of Infection
 Host
 Infectious
Microorganism
 Mode of
Transmission
 Vector/ Fomite
 Reservoir
Nosocomial Infections

Infections
originating in the
hospital; an
infection not
present before
admittance to
the hospital.
Nosocomial Infections
Iatrogenic
Infection
 Compromised
Patients
 Patient Flora
 Hospital
Environment
 Bloodborne
Pathogens

Types of Nosocomial Infections
Iatrogenic Infection – related to
physician activities
 Compromised Patients - weakened
resistance; immunosuppressed
 Patient Flora - microbes in healthy
people
 Contaminated Hospital Environment
 Bloodborne Pathogens – Hepatitis B
and HIV

Third Degree Burn
Bloodborne Pathogens
• Disease-causing microorganisms that may
be present in human blood. Ex: Hepatitis,
Syphilis, Malaria, HIV.
• Two most significant bloodborne
pathogens: Hepatitis B and HIV
How Bloodborne Pathogens are
Transmitted:
• You must make contact with contaminated
fluids and permit them a way to enter your
body.
• Contaminated body fluids can be saliva,
semen, vaginal secretions, or other fluids
containing blood (urine).
Universal Precautions
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Since there is no way you can know if a person
is infected, you should ALWAYS use universal
precautions:
Wash your hands
Wear gloves
Handle sharp objects carefully
Properly clean all spills
Wear mask, eye protection, and apron if
splashing is a possibility.
Airborne Precautions
Patients infected with pathogens that
remain suspended in air for long periods
on aerosol droplets or dust.
 TB, Chickenpox, Measles
 Respiratory protection must be worn when
entering pt room.
 Pt should wear mask.

Droplet Precautions
Patients infected with pathogens that
disseminate through large particulate
droplets expelled from coughing,
sneezing, or even talking.
 Rubella, Mumps, Influenza
 Surgical mask must be worn when within 3
feet of the pt.
 Pt should wear a mask.

Contact Precautions

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Patients infected with pathogens that spread by
direct contact with the pt or by indirect contact
with a contaminated object (bedrail, pt dressing).
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), Hepatitis A, Varicella, Flesh-eating
Virus
All PPE should be used and equipment must be
disinfected after use.
Controlling the spread of Disease
• Chemotherapy
• Immunization
• Asepsis
– Medical
– Surgical
• Disinfectants
Physical Methods of
Controlling Diseases
• Handwashing
• Standard
Precautions
– Gloving
– Gowns
– Face masks
– Eyewear
Handwashing
Single most important means of
preventing the spread of infection.
 7 to 8 minutes of washing to remove the
microbes present, depending on the
number present.
 Most effective portion of handwashing is
the mechanical action of rubbing the
hands together.

Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)

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Gloves
Masks
Gowns
Protective Eyewear
Caps
So What, and Who Cares?

Students and Techs are challenged both
physically and mentally by the microbial
world. In this world of newly found, lifethreatening diseases, education has
become the key to survival. Health care
providers must be committed to infection
control so that diseases can be
conquered!
Syphilis in the eye
Review
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Microorganisms
Disease
Pathogen
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoan
6 Steps of Infection
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Chain of Infection
Nosocomial Infection
Controlling Disease
Physical Methods of
Controlling Diseases
Handwashing
Standard Precautions
Universal Precautions
Questions?
• Infection Control
Vital Signs
 Vital Signs
 Oxygen Therapy
 Oxygen Devices
 Chest Tubes and
Lines
Vital Signs
 Indication of
 Physical assessment
Homeostasis
 Primary Mechanisms
include measurement
of vital signs
 Body Temperature
Pulse
Respiration
Blood Pressure
Mental Status
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Heart beat
Blood pressure
Body temperature
Respiratory rate
Electrolyte
balance
Body Temperature
 Normal average body
 Measuring Body
temperature: 98.6 F
Humans can survive
between 106 F and
93.2 F.
Temperature
 Hypothermia
 Axillary
 Hyperthermia
 Tympanic
 Oral
 Rectal
Pulse
 Pulse rate: Adult = 60 to 100 beats per
minute
 Children under 10 = 70 to 120 beats per
minute
 Tachycardia
 Bradycardia
Respiratory Rate
 Breaths per minute: Adult = 12 to 20
 Children under 10 = 20 to 30 per min
 Tachypnea
 Bradypena
 Dyspnea
 Apnea
Pulse Oximeter
• Normal Pulse
Oximeter = 95%
to 100%
Blood Pressure
• Blood Pressure
• Systolic pressure =
95-140 mmHg
• Diastolic pressure =
60-90 mmHg
• Hypertension
• Hypotension
Oxygen
 Oxygen constitutes 21% of atmospheric
gases
 If O2 levels in the body drop below 21%
homeostasis is altered.
 Hypoxia: Inadequate amount of oxygen at
the cellular level.
Oxygen Devices
 Nasal Cannula
 Masks
 Nonrebreathing
mask
 Aerosol
mask
 Air-entrainment mask
Tent and Oxyhood
Chest Tubes and Lines
• Endotracheal
Tube (ET)
– Ventilator
• Chest Tubes
• Nasogastric tube
(NG)
• Central Lines
Review
 Vital Signs
 Electrolyte balance
 Homeostasis
 Pulse Oximeter
 Body Temperature
 Oxygen
 Pulse
 Oxygen Devices
 Respiration
 Chest Tubes
 Blood Pressure
 Chest Lines
 Mental Status
Winston Churchill
 "The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity.
The optimist sees the opportunity in every
difficulty."
Winston Churchill
Questions?
• Vital Signs
Medical Emergencies
TRAUMA = X-RAY IS READY
You never know what or who you
will come in next……….
SPINAL INJURY PT
Dislocation of the C3 and C4
articular processes
Note that C7 is not well
demonstrated
Some studies of
spinal trauma have
recorded a missed
injury rate as high
as 33%.
GSW to the Abdomen


Compound Fx of Femur
Medical Emergencies
• Definitions
• What should the
RT know?
• Common
Radiology
Emergencies
Medical Emergencies

Definition: Sudden change in medical
status requiring immediate action.

For RT’s medical emergencies are
rare, however as medical personnel
we must be prepared to recognize
emergencies.
Fractured Forearm
What an RT should know…..
How to…..
 Avoid additional harm to the patient
 Obtain appropriate medical assistance
quickly

 Recognize
emergency
situations

Remain calm and confident
Anaphylactic Reaction

An immune response to foreign material
Bronchospasm – wheezing and
edema in the throat and lungs
 Can lead to shock
 Requires prompt recognition and
treatment from the technologist
Why do RT’s care about Anaphylactic
RXN’s….?

Water Soluble Iodine
• High atomic # 53
• Radiopaque
• Used to radiograph
–
–
–
–
Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Function of internal
organs
Iodine Contrast Material
• Ionic Iodine Contrast
– Anion – Cation +
– More patient allergic
reactions
• Non-Ionic Contrast
– Less patient allergic
reactions
Radiology Department
 Patients
are usually sent to
the radiology department
only after they have been
stabilized.
 However……
General Priorities
Ensure an open
airway
 Control Bleeding
 Take Measures
to Prevent shock
 Attend to
wounds or
fractures
appropriately

Provide
emotional
support
 Continually
reevaluate and
follow up

ABC
• A = Air Way
• B = Breathing
• C = Circulation
CPR
• C = Cardio
• P = Pulmonary
• R = Respiration
• Must be certified
for the
“Health Care
Provider”
• Cards good for 2
years are
available.
Become familiar with………..
• In your work environment:
– Emergency assistance protocol (how to
get help)
– Emergency Cart/Crash Cart Location
Important Conditions to be
Aware of……

Level of Consciousness: ALOC

Altered Level Of Consciousness

Anaphylactic Shock: vasogenic shock

Hypoglycemic/Hyperglycemia

NPO – Nothing by Mouth
Medical Terms to Know…..

Pallor = paleness; absence of skin
coloration

Shock = failure of the circulatory system

CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation

For program must be for Health Care
Provider
Continued……………
Stroke = Cerebrovascular Accident
(brain)
 Heart Attack = Myocardial Infarct
(heart)
 N/V = Nausea & Vomiting
 Epistaxis = nosebleed
 Vertigo = dizziness
 Syncope = fainting

And more……

Hemorrhage =
bleeding outside
a vessel
Radiologic Technology
• You never know
when a medical
emergency may
occur.
• Helping your
patients depends
on your abilities to
stay calm and
perform you duties!
Questions?
• Infection Control
• Vital Signs
• Medical
Emergencies