VACCINES and VACCINE PROTOCOLS
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Transcript VACCINES and VACCINE PROTOCOLS
“We must not sacrifice our
future for a momentary
pleasure.”
Canine and Feline
Vaccines
do not produce immunity in
100% of population
• Should decrease severity
Protection
of 70% of population sufficient
if communicability is low
In general practice, 1 vaccine break
constitutes a failure
Illness
Fever
Vaccine reaction from prior vaccine
Medical therapy
Age: In < 5 wks. MLV can cause disease
Pregnancy, whelping, queening
• modified-live virus vaccines can lead to birth
defects or abortions
Problems
• hypertrophic osteodystrophy and juvenile cellulitis - modified-
live virus distemper vaccine in Weimaraners
• vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats : FeLV and Rabies
MLV
KILLED
• Strong, long-lasting
•
•
•
•
immune response that
is achieved with fewer
doses
Adjuvants are not as
necessary
Quicker immune
respones
Less chance of allergic
reactions
After it is mixed only
effective 1 hour
(inactivated)
• More stable in storage
• Unlikely to contain
contaminating
pathogens
• Unlikely to cause
disease due to residual
disease-causing
characteristics
• Produce little to no
cellular and mucosal
immunity
NO VACCINE IS 100% EFFECTIVE!
Chemicals, microbial
components, or
mammalian proteins
Enhances the immune response to
vaccine antigens
Aluminum gels/ salts
Severity
of disease
Transmissibility
Zoonotic potential
Recommended by AAHA (American
Animal Health Association)
Those
vaccines that every puppy
should receive; identified by vaccine
experts such as the AAHA Canine
Task Force
• CORE VACCINES FOR CANINES
INCLUDE:
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2)
Canine Distemper virus (CDV)
rCDV: Recombinat
Canine
Adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2):
DAPP/DHPP
CAV-2 protects against both 1 & 2
CAV-1 causes Infectious Canine Heaptitis
No CAV-1 vaccine because of anterior uveitis
Rabies
virus (RV)
• Killed vaccine
• State/provincial/local laws
Begin: 6-9 weeks of age
• Do not give vaccines earlier than 5-6 weeks
*remember maternal antibody interference
Frequency: q 2-4 weeks
• May vary according to risk, vaccine
End: at least one dose should be given
at
age 14-16 weeks of age or older
Revaccination: at 1 year of age or 1 year
after the last puppy vaccination
•
Rabies vaccine is initially
given at 12 wks of age
– Does not need to be
boostered in 2-4 weeks, but
rather within 12 months.
Each subsequent rabies
vaccine should be given q
3yrs.
– Rabies vaccine is the only
canine vaccine requiring a
minimum duration of
immunity study and
labeled as 1 yr or 3 yr. by
the USDA.
The minimum duration of immunity for the core
vaccines (except rabies) is at least 5-7 yrs. (after initial
puppy set of vxns)
• based on challenge and/or antibody titers
you can even have this done in your own pets to determine his/her
immunity level against a particular disease.
Today, a 3 yr revaccination program has been
recommended in the AAHA Canine Vaccination
Guidelines for dogs and the American Association of
Feline Practitioners Guidelines for cats
Following
the vaccine label
Veterinarians resistant to change
Fear that not revaccinating will cause the
animal to become susceptible soon after
one year.
Compliance with boarding kennel rules
Optional
or non-core vaccines should
only be given to animals that need them
and only as often as needed!
• Potential problems: duration of immunity is not
known, the efficacy is limited or not known
EX: Leptospirosis, Bordetella, Canine
Influenza, Lyme disease, Canine
coronavirus, Giardia (AAHA Guidelines do not
recommend coronavirus or giardia vaccines unless they
can be proven to be beneficial for a certain animal)
•
New vaccines: snakebites (Crotalus sp.
Toxoid, western diamonback rattlesnake),
periodontal disease (porphyromonas sp.),
as well as a therapeutic vaccine for
treatment of canine melanomas.
*VACCINES MUST BE TAILORED
TO THE INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL
-Older/younger animal vs. adult
- bacterial vaccine vs. viral vaccine
– Geographic area
Begin: 8-10
weeks of age
Frequency: q 2-4 weeks
End: last dose at 14-16 weeks of age
Feline
parvovirus (panleukopenia)
Feline calicivirus
Feline herpes virus (viral
rhinotracheitis)
Rabies virus
• Given at 12-16 weeks of age
FVRCP
FeLV
(feline leukemia)
FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus)
Chlamydia
Feline coronavirus (FIP): Reduce cs but
not prevent disease
Feline Giardia
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Feline systemic calicivirus
•
May I use smaller vaccine dose in
small breeds to reduce the risk of
adverse reactions?
– NO- the volume (1.0ml) as recommended by the
manufacturer generally represents the minimum
immunizing dose
• This means that a Great Dane should receive the same
amount of vaccine as a Chihuahua
May
I vaccinate pregnant pets?
• It is best to avoid this. Risk to the fetuses is a
concern. Assess risk vs. benefit
• Feline parvovirus cerebellar hypoplasia in utero
kitten
May
I vaccinate a patient while under
anesthesia?
• It is best not to do this. The patient may develop
a hypersensitivity reaction that may be harder to
recognize under anesthesia and may be more
difficult to treat. Risk of vomiting and aspiration
is higher.
May
I inject a modified live intranasal
Bordetella vaccine?
• NO- the vaccine can cause a severe local
reaction and may even result in death (liver
failure)
• Intranasal vaccines are effective against
respiratory disease, form immunoglobulin A
which produces quick local immunity
May
I administer a modified live SQ
feline FVRCP oronasally? NO
• Upper respiratory infection can result
• spilled on the cat's fur, and the cat licks up the
spilled vaccine
Clean off the fur with alcohol
use dilute bleach for spills in the environment
contact the manufacturer and begin supportive
treatment, if warranted
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