Transcript Infection Control

Matching 3-1: Key Terms
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Asepsis: sterile or pathogen free
BBP: Bloodborne Pathogen
Biohazard: anything potentially harmful to health
CDC: Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Chain of infection: a series of events that lead to an infection
Engineering controls: devices that isolate or remove a BBP hazard from the
workplace
– Sharps containers
– Needles w/ safety features
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EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
Fire tetrahedron: Added chemical reaction that produces fire added to the
traditional fire triangle components of fuel, heat, oxygen
Fomites: inanimate objects that harbor material containing pathogens
HAI: Healthcare-associated infection
Matching 3-1: Key Terms
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HBV: Hepatitis B virus
HCS: Hazard Communication Standard (OSHA)
HCV: Hepatitis C virus
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency virus
Immune: protection from or resistant to a particular disease or infection through
the development of antibodies from vaccination or having the disease
Infectious/causative agent: pathogen causing an infection; first link in chain of
infection
Isolation precaution: procedures to separate patients with certain transmissible
infections from contact with others
Microbe: microorganism not visible to neked eye
NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Nosocomial Infection: hospital acquired infection
OSHA: Occupation Safety and Health Administration
Matching 3-1: Key Terms
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Parenteral: administration by any route other than the digestive tract
Pathogenic: capable of causing disease
Percutaneous: through the skin
Permucosal: through the mucous membranes
PPE: Personal Protective Equipment (clothing)
Reservoir: source of an infectious microorganism; second link in chain of infection
Reverse isolation: protection of patient from others
Standard precautions: minimize risk of infection transmission when caring for all
patients regardless of their status
– Blood, all body fluids, non-intact skin, mucous membranes
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Susceptible host: individual with little resistance to an infectious agent; last link of
chain of infection
Transmission-based precautions: used in addition to standard precautions for
patients infected or colonized w/ highly transmissible pathogens
Matching 3-1: Key Terms
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Vector transmission: by an insect, arthropod, or aminal
Vehicle transmission: through contaminated food, water, drugs or blood
transfusion
Work practice controls: alter manner in which a task is performed to reduce
likelihood of BBP exposure
Matching 3-2: Means of Transmission
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Collecting a throat culture specimen from a coughing patient without wearing a
mask: Droplet
Entering a TB patient’s room without an N95 respirator: Airborne
Filling a TB test syringe with antigen without first cleaning the top of the vial:
Vehicle
Handling a dead rodent: Vector
Kissing someone with mononucleosis: Direct contact
Rubbing your eye after touching a contaminated blood tube: Indirect contact
Matching 3-3: Fire Control
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Class A:
Class B:
Class C:
Class D:
Class K:
wood or paper; cool with water or water-based solution
flammable liquid; block oxygen source or smother
electrical equipment; extinguish with non-conducting agent
flammable metals; extinguish with dry powder agent or sand
high tem cooking oils; cool and smother with splash prevention agent
Matching 3-4: Type of Spill and Cleanup Procedure
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Small spill:
– Absorb with paper towel
– Discard in biohazard waste container
– Clean with disinfectant
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Large spill:
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Absorb with special clay or chlorine-based powder
Scoop or weep absorbed material
Discard in biohazard container
Clean with disinfectant
Dried spill
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Moisten spill with disinfectant avoiding scraping
Absorb with paper towels
Discard in biohazard container
Clean with disinfectant
Matching 3-4: Type of Spill and Cleanup Procedure
• Spills involving broken glass:
– Wear heavy-duty utility gloves
– Scoop or sweep up material
– Discard in sharps container
– Clean with disinfectant
Matching 3-5: HCS Pictograms
Hazard Communication Standard
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Oxidizers
Flammables
Explosives
Acute (fatal) toxicity
Skin corrosion and eye damage
Gases under pressure
Carcinogen
Respiratory tract irritant
Aquatic toxicity
Labeling Exercise 3-1: NFPA Marking System
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Blue-3: Material that on short
exposure could cause serious
temporary injury even with prompt
medical attention
Red-1: Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur
Yellow-4: materials that in
themselves are capable of detonating
or exploding at normal temps
White: other specific hazard;
material that is radioactive
Labeling Exercise 3-2: Engineering Control and Work
Practice Controls
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Engineering Controls:
– Devices with safety features that isolate or remove a BBP hazard from the workplace
– Sharps containers
– Needles with safety features
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Work Practice Controls:
– Alter the manner in which a task is performed to reduce likelihood of BBP exposure
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Engineering Control
Work Practice Control
Engineering Control
Engineering Control
Engineering Control
Work Practice Control
Engineering Control
Engineering Control
Work Practice Control
Knowledge Drill 3-1: Caution and Key Point Recognition
1. The transmission of the Hepatitis viruses and HIV through blood transfusion is also
considered vehicle transmission
2. Droplet transmission differs from airborne transmission in that droplets normally
travel less than 10 feet and do not remain suspended in the air
3. Individuals who are exposed to HBV are less likely to contract the disease if they
have previously completed an HBV vaccination series
4. OSHA regulations require employers to offer HBV vaccination free of charge to
employees whose duties involve risk of exposure
5. The WHO consensus recommendations in the 2009 Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in
Health Care are that HCWs do not wear artificial l fingernails or extenders when
having direct contact with patients and natural nails should be kept short (0.5 cm
long or approx ¼ inch long)
6. Wearing gloves during phlebotomy procedures is mandated by the OSHA BBP
standard
7. The HCS is known as “the right to know law” because the labeling requirement
gives employees the right to know about chemical hazards in the workplace
Knowledge Drill 3-1: Caution and Key Point Recognition
8. The original compress should not be removed when adding additional ones
because removal can disrupt the clotting process
9. Never give fluids if the patient is unconscious or semiconscious or has injuries
likely to require surgery and anesthesia
10. According to the American Heart Association, if activity during work is low to
moderate a 30 minute brisk walk or similar exercise daily can improved blood
pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes
11. In addition, if hands are heavily contaminated with organic material and hand
washing facilities are not available, it is recommended that hands be cleaned with
detergent containing wipes, followed by the use of an alc0hol-bases antiseptic
hand cleaner
12. The most common type of HAI reported to NHSN is urinary tract infection (UTI),
accounting for over 30% of all HAIs
Knowledge Drill 3-3: Breaking the Chain of Infection
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Effective hand hygiene procedures
Good nutrition, adequate rest, and reduction of stress
Immunization against common pathogens
Proper decontamination of surfaces and instruments
Proper disposal of sharps and infectious waste
Use of gloves and other PPE when indicated
Use of needle safety devices during blood collection
Knowledge Drill 3-4: Situations Requiring Hand
Hygiene
• Before and after each patient contact
• Between unrelated procedures on a patient such as wound care and
drawing blood
• Before putting on gloves and after taking them off
• Before leaving the laboratory
• Before going to lunch or on break
• Before and after going to the restroom
• Whenever hands become visibly or knowingly contaminated
Knowledge Drill 3-5: Safety Rules When In Patient
Rooms and Other Patient Areas
1. Avoid running. Alarming to patients and visitors
2. Be careful entering and exiting patient rooms. Various types of equipment
may be just inside the door or outside in the hallway.
3. Do not touch electrical equipment in patient rooms while drawing blood.
Electrical shock can pass through phlebotomist and needle and shock
patient.
4. Follow standard precautions when handling specimens. Use proper PPE to
avoid transmission of pathogens
5. Replace bed rails that were let down during patient procedures. Patient
may fall from the bed resulting in injury.
Knowledge Drill 3-6: Pathogen Transmission and
Precautions
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Bordetella pertussis: Droplet
C. difficile: Contact
CMV (Cytomegalovirus): Droplet
Group A Strep (draining wound): Contact
HBV: Standard; BBP
HCV: Standard; BBP
HIV: Standard; BBP
HDV: Standard, BBP
Impetigo: Contact
Influenza: Droplet
Knowledge Drill 3-6: Pathogen Transmission and
Precautions
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Malaria-causing microbe: Standard; BBP
Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Droplet
Neisseria meningitides: Droplet
RSV: Contact
Rubella virus (congenital): Contact
Rubeola virus: Airborne
Staph aureus (draining wound): Contact
Syphilis-causing microbe: Contact
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Airborne
Varicella virus: Airborne
Knowledge Drill 3-7
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Asepsis is a condition of being free of contamination with
microorganisms that can cause disease.
Healthcare-associated infection is a relatively new term applied….
The HCS was developed to protect employees from exposure to
hazardous chemicals
The source of an infectious agent is called a reservoir
OSHA regulations require employer to offer free HBV vaccinations…
Studies have shown that artificial nails harbor more pathogenic microbes
than natural nails
The spores of C. difficile are not killed by alcohol-based hand cleaners.
Scrubs must be 1 to 1 ½ inches off floor
Except for a respiratory, protective clothing worn in isolation rooms….
Knowledge Drill 3-7
10. Standard precautions are to be used in the care of all patients
11. A yellow diamond with a number specifies the reactivity of a hazard.
12. Pictograms are diamond shaped with a red border
First Aid For The Phlebotomist
• External Hemorrhage
– Pressure applies using cloth or gauze
– Apply additional material if bleeding continues. Do not remove
original dressing and bandage.
– Acceptable to use an elastic bandage to hold compress in place
• Shock
– Fainting: mini-shock
– Symptoms include pale, clammy skin; rapid pulse; increased shallow
breathing, expressionless
– If patient goes into shock, stop blood draw and care for shock
– Watch patient after draw for symptoms of shock; care if needed
CPR For The Phlebotomist
• New guidelines call for early chest compressions for victims of
sudden cardiac arrest.
• Compression rate: 100 per minute
• Compression depth:
– Adult at least 2 inches
– Children about 2 inches
– Infants 1 ½ inches
• If a patient goes into sudden cardiac arrest, call for help before
initiating care
Personal Wellness
• Requires a holistic approach
– Must meet physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and economic needs
• Serious health threats:
– Heart disease
– Cancer
• Nutrition
– Provides what body needs for energy and day-to-day functioning
– To reduce risk of cancer choose predominantly plant-based diet and
minimally processed starchy staple foods
Personal Wellness
• Rest
– Busy pace of healthcare requires adequate sleep
– Studies show at least 7-8 hours per night
– Unplug!
• Exercise
– Staying physically fit increases chances of staying healthy and living
longer
– Strengthens immune system
– Increases energy
– Reduces stress
– Reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety
– Increases ability to perform daily tasks
Personal Wellness
• Personal Hygiene
– Phlebotomists should pay special attention to personal hygiene not
only for optimal health, but also because the job involves close patient
contact
• Back Protection
– Back injuries account for 20% of all workplace injuries
– Remember body mechanics and proper lifting techniques
– Stress can make a person vulnerable to back problems
• Stress Management
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Physical, chemical or emotional factors cause mental or bodily tension
Eustress: keeps people alert and increases energy when needed
Chronic: has damaging effect on mental and bodily functions
If not controlled: Immune system weakened, hypertension, ulcers,
depression