Transcript Structure and Function of Living Things

Fact or Fiction… What do you think?
1. Biotechnology is a basic science that explores microscopic organisms
including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasites and some fungi and
algae.
2. Viruses need a host cell to reproduce.
3. Bacterial and viral infections are treated with antibiotics.
4. A parasite is an organism that lives on or in another individual
known as the “host” while feeding on the host; it may or may not kill
the host.
5. A “pandemic” is when an illness is in a widespread area (usually
worldwide) rather than confined to a particular location or region
and affects global populations.
Structure and Function of Living Things
Microbiology: a basic science that explores
microscopic organisms including viruses, bacteria,
protozoa, parasites and some fungi and algae
* Transmission Demonstration (Glow Germ)
Viruses
1.
2.
3.
Non-living particles composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
Need a host cell to reproduce (demonstration)
Use enzymes and organelles of host cell to make more viruses usually
killing the host cell
4. Active (i.e. flu) reproduce quickly vs. Inactive (i.e. HIV) viruses reproduce
more slowly
5. Modes of Transmission: direct contact, water, body fluids, airborne,
vector ( carries the pathogen without getting the illness) or carrier (carries the
pathogen and can get the illness)
6. Vaccines (weakened form of pathogen) and some anti-viral drugs may control or
prevent the spread
7. Active immunity: you make antibodies (i.e. hepatitis, measles, etc.); Passive
immunity; antibodies are injected (passed) into you (i.e. rabies)
8.
Viral diseases: rabies, influenza (flu), AIDS, common cold, HPV, hepatitis, and
more
Viral Replication
NPR virus program:
http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulwich/2011/06/01/114075029/flu-attack-how-a-virus-invades-your-body 3:24 min.
Viruses & Plants
Tomato Mosaic on Tomato
Plant
Tomato Mosaic Virus
Tobacco Mosaic on Cucumbers
“Science in Action Virus Mutation” 3:39
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3dSYA64ZRc
Key Points
- antigen: a substance that when
introduced into the body
stimulates the production of an
antibody
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mutation: genetic changes
emerging: new strains
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resistance: Resistance means that
a pathogen (virus, bacteria, etc.)
has changed in such a way that
medications are ineffective in
preventing the pathogen from
reproducing
Bacteria
1.
Prokaryotic (single-celled) organisms; no membrane bound nucleus
2.
3.
Can live in a variety of places (with or without O2, extreme hot or cold)
Reproduce through binary fission (asexual reproduction); can grow and
divide extremely rapidly under optimal conditions; can double very
quickly (graph analysis activity)
4.
5.
Shapes: rod, spherical, spiral
Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics; overuse of
antibiotics has led to “antibiotic resistance (when mutant bacteria
survive antibiotic treatment and give rise to resistant populations”)
Why may the development of “antibiotic resistant” bacteria be harmful to
humans?
“Understanding Bacteria: Part I and II”
Mike Rowe YouTube Program: http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/dirty-bathroom.htm
- bathroom:
2:22 minutes
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dog’s mouth:
cough/sneeze:
3:03 minutes
2:45 minutes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xRttWuf3wQ viral video “Bacteria and Viruses” 5:37
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Lab: Antibiotic Resistance
“Bacterial Diseases Chart”
* “Compare and Contrast Viruses and Bacteria”
* “Biology of Bacteria”
plants infected by bacteria
1. As time passes, what pattern do you observe with the reproduction of bacteria?
2. What is the relationship between “Number of cells” and “Time”?
3. What affect does temperature have on the reproduction of bacteria?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-chXVgu8Z0 YouTube Steve Spangler growing bacteria 4:03
Size Comparisons
http://www.brainpop.com/games/youmakemesick/ “You Make Me Sick” pathogen activity
Fungi
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-kQ_I6aSAA “introduction to Fungi” 15:25
1.Eukaryotic (multicellular), nonphotosynthetic organisms
2.Most are multicellular heterotrophs (consume food); unicellular ones include
yeasts, molds, and mildews
3.Reproduction:
- most reproduce both sexually and asexually (producing spores)
providing adaptive advantage;
- with a favorable environment, rapid asexual reproduction ensures
an increased spread of species;
- during environmental stress, sexual reproduction ensures genetic
recombination increasing the likelihood that offspring will be
better adapted to the new environmental conditions.
4.May attack tissues of living plants and animals causing disease; food
sources may also be affected creating competition between humans and
fungi
5. Mold spores (airborne) can cause allergies in humans
6. Are decomposers (break down organic matter)
Athlete's foot (tinea pedis or foot ringworm)
Tinea corporis (under skin)
Grey mold on raspberries
About 80 percent of plant diseases can be traced to fungi.
Smut—a fungus—on corn
Decomposers are the last stop on the food chain, they consume the things no one else wants to.
Decomposers many times consume dead things from the ground in order to get nutrients.
Some of the most common decomposers are bacteria, worms, slugs, snails, and fungi (like
mushrooms).
Parasites
1.An organism that lives on or in another individual known as the
“host” while feeding on the host; may or may not kill host
2.Natural selection favors adaptations that allow parasite to exploit
(use) the host
3.Are usually specialized anatomically and physiologically (i.e.
tapeworms live in the small intestine of the host to absorb nutrients
and do not have a digestive system, hooks on hookworms
4.Infectious diseases (can be spread) linked to parasites living in
intestines, bloodstream or tissues (“Monsters Inside Me”)
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“Parasitism in fluke worms”
Poster Project
http://www.theguardians.com/Microbiology/gm_mbi01.htm#study
http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/monsters-inside-me/videos/flesh-eating-hookworm.htm
(YouTube video about hookworm transmission)
Parasites that Infect Humans
http://www.treehugger.com/slideshows/clean-technology/9-human-parasites-you-dont-want-along-for-the-ride/#slide-top
slideshow
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=human+parasites+pictures&qs=IM&form=QBIR&pq=human+parasites&sc=815&sp=2&sk=IM1#view=detail&id=88AFD25AA4CFBE57369A6C2C57A1F21BB9612985&selectedIndex=239 slideshow
Spread of Disease: Outbreak
Outbreak: happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers
than expected in a community or region, or during a season
- May occur in one community or even extend to several
countries
- Can last from days to years
- Sometimes a single case of a contagious disease is
considered an outbreak (with unknown or rare cases)
- Outbreaks may be considered as an “epidemic” or
“pandemic”.
What is the relationship between population density and
spread of disease?
Epidemic: an illness or health-related issue showing
up in more cases than would normally be expected
• Occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people
(i.e. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 2003, malaria in
Africa,
• Population density affects the spread of disease (demonstration)
As a class, demonstrate an increase in population density followed by a
decrease in population density. You all receive a “bonus grade” if this
task is correctly accomplished within 2 minutes.  (Noise level 2)
Pandemic: typically is in a widespread area (usually
worldwide) rather than confined to a particular location or
region and affects global populations
-
Diseases may start as epidemics and become pandemics
*influenza (flu)
* Swine flu started in Mexico City as an epidemic and has become a
pandemic (New Zealand, Israel, Scotland and others)
* Spanish flu (1918): 40-50 million died
* Asian flu (1957): 2 million killed
* Hong Kong flu (1968): 1 million killed
* Black Plague
- An influenza (flu) pandemic occurs when a new subtype of virus arises (mutation)
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If people have not been exposed to pathogens (viruses or bacteria) before, their
immune systems are not ready to fight it off and more people become ill
-
Pandemics do not always mean millions of death; it means a geographically
widespread epidemic (worldwide)
Transmission: affects of air travel; modes of transmission; population density
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Modes of Transmission
Transmission Activity with Objects (Germ Glo)
Mike Rowe YouTube Program: http://www.discoverychannelasia.com/video/curiosity-dirty-bathroom
- bathroom:
2:22 minutes
- dog’s mouth:
3:03 minutes
cough/sneeze:
2:45 minutes