Transcript Cardiovascular System PowerPoint ch 5

Chapter 5
The Cardiovascular System
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Major Structures
Related Elements
Primary Function
Heart
Card/o
Cardi/o
Pumps blood into arteries.
Blood Vessels
Angi/o
Vas/o
Transports blood to and from all areas of
the body.
Arteries
Arteri/o
Transport blood away from heart to all
body parts.
Capillaries
Capill/o
Permit the exchange of nutrients and
waste products between blood and cells.
Veins
Phleb/o
Ven/o
Return blood from all body parts to heart.
Blood
Hem/o
Hemat/o
Brings O2 and nutrients to cells and
carries away waste.
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Word Elements/Parts
Angi/o
- Blood or lymph vessel
Aort/o
- aorta
Arteri/o
- artery
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Ather/o
- Plaque or fatty substance
Brady
- slow
Cardi/o
- heart
Crasia
- A mixture or blending
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Emia
- blood
Erythr/o
- red
Hem/o hemat/o
- blood
Leuk/o
- white
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Phleb/o
- vein
Tachy
- Fast or rapid
Thromb/o
- clot
Ven/o
- vein
The Heart
•
•
•
•
Hollow, muscular organ
Located between lungs
Double Pump
The pointed lower end is known as APEX
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The Pericardium
• AKA: pericardial sac
• Double walled membrane sac encloses the heart
• Parts of pericardium
– Parietal pericardium
• Tough outer layer, protect heart
– Visceral Pericardium
• Inner layer of pericardium, outer layer of heart
• AKA: epicardium
– Pericardial Fluid
• Between these two layers
• Prevents friction when heart beats
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Wall of the Heart
• Epicardium
– External layer of heart
• Myocardium
–
–
–
–
Middle layer of heart
Thickest layer
Muscle tissue
Beats constantly
• Endocardium
– Inner lining of heart
– Comes into direct contact with blood being pumped through heart
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Coronary Artery
• Supply oxygen-rich blood to myocardium
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Chambers of the Heart
• Heart is divided into left & right sides
• Subdivided into chambers
• Septum divides chambers into right & left
– Atria
• Two upper chambers
• Receiving chambers coming into heart
– Ventricles
• Two lower chambers
• Pumping chambers
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Valves of the Heart (prevent backflow)
• Tricuspid
– Between right atrium & right ventricle
• Pulmonary semilunar (means half-moon)
– Between right ventricle & pulmonary artery
• Mitral or Bicuspid
– Between left atrium & left ventricle
• Aortic semilunar (means half-moon)
– Between left ventricle & aorta
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Blood Flow Through the Heart
• Right Atrium  TRICUSPID VALVE  Right Ventricle
• Right ventricle  PULMONARY VALVE  Pulmonary Artery
• Pulmonary Artery  LUNGS  Pulmonary Veins  Left Atrium
• Left Atrium  MITRAL VALVE (bicuspid)  Left Ventricle
• Left Ventricle  AORTIC VALVE  Aorta  BODY Vena Cava
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Video Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tUWOF6wEnk
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Systemic & Pulmonary Circulation
• Pulmonary
– Heart  Lungs  Heart
• Systemic
– Heart  Cells/Tissue/Body  Heart
– (no lungs)
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The Heartbeat
• To pump blood through body, heart contracts and relaxes
• Rate and regularity determined by electrical impulses
• AKA: conduction system
– Sinoatrial Node (SA node)
• RA, pacemaker, rhythm & rate
– Atrioventricular Node (AV node)
• Floor of RA
– Bundle of His
• In septum
– Purkinje Fibers
• Walls of ventricles, stimulate contraction
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Electrical Waves
The waves of contraction and relaxation of heart can be
seen with an electrocardiogram (EKG)
• P waves
– Stimulation of atria (contraction)
• QRS waves
– Stimulation of ventricles (contraction)
• T waves
– Recovery of ventricle (relaxation)
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Video Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=te_SY3MeWys
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Arteries
• Large blood vessels
• Aorta
– Largest blood vessel
• Carotid Artery
–
–
–
–
Carry blood to head
Located on side of neck
Brings O2 to brain & blood to face
If disrupted, causes stroke or brain damage
• Arterioles
– Smaller, carry blood to capillaries
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Veins
• Walls are thin
• Less elastic than arteries
• Venules
– Smallest vein that join to form lg veins
• Superficial Veins
– Near body surface
• Deep Veins
– Within tissue away from body
• Vena Cava
– Largest vein in body
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Capillaries
• Smallest blood vessels in body
• Deliver o2 and nutrients to cells and tissues
• Slow the flow of blood
– To allow plasma to flow
– Exchange o2, nutrients & waste
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Pulse & Blood Pressure
• Pulse
– Rhythmic pressure against wall of artery
– AKA: pulse rate
• Blood Pressure
– Measurement of systolic & diastolic pressure against wall of artery
• Systolic
– Ventricles contract, top number, pressure is highest
• Diastolic
– Ventricles are relaxed, bottom number, pressure is lowest
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Checking a Blood Pressure
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Blood
• Fluid tissue of the body
• Composed of 55% liquid plasma
– Straw colored fluid, nutrients, hormones, waste
• Composed of 45% formed elements
– Erythrocytes
• RBC, o2  tissues, hemoglobin (iron containing)
– Leukocytes
• WBC, fight infection
– Thrombocytes
• Platelets, clot blood
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Blood Types
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Medical Specialist related to Cardiovascular
• Cardiologist
– Dx & tx abnormalities, dz, dis of heart
• Hematologist
– Dx & tx abnormalities , dz, dis of blood
• Vascular surgeon
– Dx, medical management and surgical tx of dis of blood vessels
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Congenital Heart Defect
• Structure abnormalities at birth or before birth
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Coronary Artery Disease
• Ischemic Heart Disease
– Lack of blood and o2 to heart
• Angina
– Chest pain
• Myocardial Infarction
– Heart attack
• Occlusion
– Total blockage
• Atherosclerosis
– Decreased blood flow to heart
– Buildup of plaque in arteries
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S/S of Heart Attack
• Pain in middle of chest
• Pain may spread to
– Back
– Jaw
– Left arm
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Heart Failure
• Congestive Heart Failure
– Common in elderly
– Unable to pump all blood
– Fluid build up
• Left-sided heart failure
– Pulmonary edema, causes fluid in lungs, not pumping blood to & from heart
• Right-sided heart failure
– Fluid in feet and legs, not pumping to & from body properly
• Cardiomegaly
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Carditis
• Endocarditis
– Inflammation inner lining of heart
• Bacterial endocarditis
– Inflammation of lining or valves
– Caused by bacteria in bloodstream
– Bleeding during dental surg, allow bacteria from mouth to enter bloodstream
• Myocarditis
– Inf of myocardium, dev as complication of viral infection
• Pericarditis
– Inf of pericardium, decreases heart beats and pumping
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Heart Valves
• Heart murmur
– Defective heart valve
• Valvulitis
– Inflammation of heart valve
• Volvular prolapse
– Inability of valve to close properly
• Volvular stenosis
– Narrowing, stiffening, thickening, blockage of valve
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Cardiac Arrest & Arrhythmias
• Cardiac arrest
– Heart stops, death if not tx within a few minutes
• Arrhythmia (loss of normal rhythm)
– Bradycardia
• Slow heart rate less than 60
– Tachycardia
• Fast heart rate more than 100
– Palpitation
• Pounding or racing of heart, panic attack, irregular
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Atrial & Ventricular Fibrillation
• Atrial Fibrillation
– Irregular twitching of muscle wall
• Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (par-ock-SIZ-mal)
– Begins & ends abruptly
– Rapid & regular heartbeats
• Ventricular Fibrillation
– Sudden cardiac death, instead of pumping blood it quivers
• Ventricular tachycardia
– Rapid HR in the ventricles, can be fatal, heart is beating rapid and unable to pump blood
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Blood Vessels
• Angitis
– Vasculitis, inf of bl or lymph vessel
• Angiostenosis
– Narrowing of bl vessel
• Hemangioma
– Benign tumor, newly formed bl vessels
• Hypoperfusion
– Deficiency of bl passing through organ or body
• Poly arteritis
– Bl vessel dz, immune cells attack affected arteries
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Peripheral Vascular Disease
• PVD
– Dis of bl vessels outside heart and brain
– Narrowing of vessels that carry bl to legs, arms, stomach, kidneys
• Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
– Common, serious problem, affects more than 20% of pts over 70 y/o
– Impaired circulation to ext. and vital organs
– Change in skin color & temp
• Raynaud’s Phenomenon
– Triggered by cold or stress, constricted circulation, pallor, cyanosis, and then redness of
fingers and toes
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Arteries
• Aneurysm
– Localized weak spot of artery
– Balloon shaped
– If rupture, fatal, rapid loss of bl
• Arteriosclerosis
– Hardening of arteries
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Veins
• Chronic Venous Insufficiency
– Affects feet and ankles, and discoloration to skin
• Phlebitis
– Inf of vein
• Varicose veins
– Swollen veins
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Thrombosis
• Thrombosis
– Abnormal condition of a clot
• Thrombus
– Bl cot attached to wall of artery or vein
• Thrombotic occlusion
– Blocking of artery by clot
• Coronary thrombosis
– Damage to heart muscle due to thrombus blocking coronary artery
• Deep vein thrombosis
– Clot attached to wall of deep vein
– Legs
– Bedridden, sitting to long
– Clot may break loose and travel to lung, fatal
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Embolism
• Embolism
– Sudden blockage of bl vessel, sometimes air or fat
• Embolus
– Foreign object, like bl clot, air, tissue or tumor in the bloodstream
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Blood Disorders
• Blood dyscrasia
– Dys means bad, crasia means mixture
• Hemochromatosis
– a hereditary disorder in which iron salts are deposited in the tissues, leading to liver
damage, diabetes mellitus, and bronze discoloration of the skin
• Leukopenia
– a reduction in the number of white cells in the blood
• Polycythemia
– Increase of RBC, production from bone marrow
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Blood disorders Cont’
• Septicemia
– Blood poisoning, toxins in blood
• Thrombocytopenia
– Abnormal bleeding, deceased clotting cells/platetes
• Thrombocytosis
– Too many clotting of bl, too many platelets
• Hemorrhage
– Loss of lg amount of bl in short time
• Transfusion reaction
– Serious, fatal, complication of bl transfusion, bl type don’t match
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Cholesterol
• Cholesterol
– Cholesterol is a waxy substance that's found in the fats (lipids) in your blood. While your
body needs cholesterol to continue building healthy cells, having high cholesterol can
increase your risk of heart disease.
– When you have high cholesterol, you may develop fatty deposits in your blood vessels.
– Eventually, these deposits make it difficult for enough blood to flow through your arteries.
Your heart may not get as much oxygen-rich blood as it needs, which increases the risk of a
heart attack.
– Decreased blood flow to your brain can cause a stroke.
• Hyperlipidemia
– High cholesterol
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Leukemia
• Myelodysplastic syndrome
– a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or
become healthy blood cells.
• Leukemia
– a malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood-forming organs
produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leukocytes.
– These suppress the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia and other
symptoms.
– A type of cancer
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Anemia
• Anemia
– a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood,
resulting in pallor and weariness.
• Aplastic anemia
– deficiency of all types of blood cells caused by failure of bone marrow development.
• Hemolytic anemia
– condition in which red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen and removed from the
bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over.
– Red blood cells are disc-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center.
– These cells carry oxygen to your body
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Anemia
• Iron deficiency anemia
– a common type of anemia
– a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells.
– iron deficiency anemia is due to insufficient iron
• Megaloblastic anemia
– a blood disorder in which the number of red blood cells is larger than normal
– Lack of folic acid or B12
• Pernicious anemia
– a deficiency in the production of red blood cells through a lack of vitamin B12.
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Anemia
• Sickle cell anemia
– a severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts
the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels.
– It is most common among those of African descent.
• Thalassemia
– any of a group of hereditary hemolytic diseases caused by faulty hemoglobin
synthesis, widespread in Mediterranean, African, and Asian countries.
– Need blood tranfusions
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Student Workbook Learning
Exercises Answer Key
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© 2009
Cengage
Delmar,
Learning
Cengage Learning
Chapter 5 Answers
Matching Word Parts 1
5.1. aort/o
5.2. arteri/o
5.3. ather/o
5.4. angi/o
5.5. brady-
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Matching Word Parts 2
5.6. -emia
5.7. cardi/o
5.8. -crasia
5.9. erythr/o
5.10. ven/o
Chapter 5 Answers
Matching Word Parts 3
5.11. leuk/o
5.12. phleb/o
5.13. tachy5.14. thromb/o
5.15. hem/o
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Definitions
5.16. leukocytes
5.17. sinoatrial node
5.18. coronary arteries
5.19. eosinophils
5.20. mitral
Chapter 5 Answers
Definitions
5.21. right ventricle
5.22. thrombocytes
5.23. embolus
5.24. left ventricle
5.25. neutrophils
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Matching Structures
5.26. heart
5.27. myocardium
5.28. epicardium
5.29. endocardium
5.30. pericardium
Chapter 5 Answers
Which Word?
5.31. lipoprotein
cholesterol
5.32. bradycardia
5.33. ventricular
5.34. systolic
5.35. duplex ultrasound
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Spelling Counts
5.36. aneurysm
5.37. hypoperfusion
5.38. arrhythmia
5.39. Raynaud’s
5.40. cardioverter
Chapter 5 Answers
Abbreviation Identification
5.41. coronary artery
disease
5.42. electrocardiogram
5.43. hemoglobin
5.44. myocardial
infarction
5.45. ventricular
fibrillation
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Term Selection
5.46. septicemia
5.47. beta-blocker
5.48. megaloblastic
5.49. antihypertensive
5.50. endocarditis
Chapter 5 Answers
Sentence Completion
5.51. serum
5.52. thrombocytopenia
5.53. carotid
endarterectomy
5.54. valvular prolapse
5.55. nitroglycerin
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Word Surgery
5.56. aneurysm/o,
-rrhaphy
5.57. a-, plast -ic
5.58. electr/o cardi/o,
-graphy
5.59. poly-, arter, -itis
5.60. valv/o, -plasty
Chapter 5 Answers
True/False
5.61. False
5.62. True
5.63. True
5.64. False
5.65. True
Clinical Conditions
5.66. hemangioma
5.67. thrombosis
5.68. varicose
5.69. angina
5.70. orthostatic
hypotension
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Chapter 5 Answers
Clinical Conditions
5.71. myelodysplastic
syndrome
5.72. electrocardiogram
5.73. cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
5.74. thrombolytic
5.75. ischemic
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Which Is the Correct
Medical Term?
5.76. atheroma
5.77. hemostasis
5.78. phlebitis
5.79. dyscrasia
5.80. aneurysmectomy
Chapter 5 Answers
Challenge Word Building
5.81. arteritis
5.82. angiectomy
5.83. phlebostenosis
5.84. pericardiectomy
5.85. cardiorrhaphy
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5.86. phleborrhexis
5.87. angiorrhaphy
5.88. cardiorrhexis
5.89. pericardiorrhaphy
5.90. angionecrosis
Chapter 5 Answers
Labeling Exercises
5.91. vena cava
5.92. atrium
5.93. ventricle
5.94. artery
5.95. veins
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5.96. semilunar
5.97. tricuspid
5.98. aorta
5.99. aortic
5.100. mitral