Transcript 1. Describe normal changes of aging in the brain

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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
1. Define important words in this chapter
anemia
a condition in which the amount of red blood cells or
hemoglobin in the body is less than normal.
angina pectoris
chest pain, pressure, or discomfort.
anti-embolic stockings
special stockings used to help prevent swelling and blood clots
and aid circulation; also called elastic stockings.
artery
vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
1. Define important words in this chapter
atria
the upper two chambers of the heart.
capillaries
tiny blood vessels in which the exchange of gases, nutrients,
and waste products occurs between blood and cells.
cardiomyopathy
a weakening of the heart muscle due to enlargement or
thickening, which reduces the heart’s ability to pump blood
effectively.
congestive heart failure (CHF)
a condition in which the heart muscle is damaged and fails to
pump effectively.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
1. Define important words in this chapter
coronary artery disease (CAD)
a condition in which the coronary arteries become damaged
and narrow over time, causing chest pain and other symptoms.
diastole
phase when the heart muscle relaxes.
heart
four-chambered pump that is responsible for the flow of blood
in the body.
hypoxia
a condition in which the body does not receive enough oxygen.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
1. Define important words in this chapter
ischemia
a lack of blood supply to an area.
myocardial ischemia
a condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough
blood and lacks oxygen; can cause angina pectoris.
nitroglycerin
medication that relaxes the walls of the coronary arteries.
occlusion
a complete obstruction of a blood vessel.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
1. Define important words in this chapter
orthopnea
shortness of breath when lying down that is relieved by sitting
up.
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
a condition in which the legs, feet, arms, or hands do not have
enough blood circulation.
phlebitis
inflammation of the veins in the lower extremities.
pulmonary edema
a condition in which there is an accumulation of fluid in the
lungs; usually due to heart failure.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
1. Define important words in this chapter
sequential compression device (SCD)
a machine used to help improve circulation, reduce fluid buildup, and prevent blood clots; compression sleeves are placed
around the legs and are inflated and deflated regularly.
stable angina
chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe
stress.
systole
phase where the heart is at work, contracting and pushing
blood out of the left ventricle.
unstable angina
chest pain that occurs while a person is at rest and not exerting
himself.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
1. Define important words in this chapter
vein
vessel that carries blood to the heart.
ventricles
the lower two chambers of the heart.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
2. Explain the structure and function of the circulatory system
Define the following terms:
heart
four-chambered pump that is responsible for the flow of blood
in the body.
atria
the upper two chambers of the heart.
ventricles
the lower two chambers of the heart.
systole
phase where the heart is at work, contracting and pushing
blood out of the left ventricle.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
2. Explain the structure and function of the circulatory system
Define the following terms:
diastole
phase when the heart muscle relaxes.
artery
vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
capillaries
tiny blood vessels in which the exchange of gases, nutrients,
and waste products occurs between blood and cells.
vein
vessel that carries blood to the heart.
19 The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
Transparency 19-1 The Circulatory System
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
2. Explain the structure and function of the circulatory system
Remember these points about the circulatory system:
• Made up of heart, blood vessels, and blood
• White blood cells protect the body from bacteria and viruses
and other foreign substances.
• Plasma, the liquid portion of the blood, carries nutrients,
waste products, hormones, salts, antibodies, and the
substance necessary for the blood to clot.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
2. Explain the structure and function of the circulatory system
The heart is composed of four main chambers: the atria (the
upper left and right chambers) and the ventricles (the lower left
and right chambers).
The right atrium receives de-oxygenated blood from the body. It
is delivered via the superior vena cava from the head and upper
extremities and the inferior vena cava, which delivers blood from
the rest of the body.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
2. Explain the structure and function of the circulatory system
Function of the heart:
• Pumps blood through blood vessels to every cell in the body
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
2. Explain the structure and function of the circulatory system
Know these points about circulation:
• Blood is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle pumps the de-oxygenated blood into the
lungs via the pulmonary arteries. These are the only arteries
in the body that carry de-oxygenated blood; the other arteries
carry oxygen-rich blood.
• The exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen is made during
this process.
• The blood then travels back into the heart through the
pulmonary veins. These are the only veins in the body that
carry oxygen-rich blood.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
2. Explain the structure and function of the circulatory system
Functions of the blood:
• Transports oxygen, food, and hormones to cells
• Removes carbon dioxide and other waste products from the
cells
• Controls pH level and body temperature
• Clots the blood and fights pathogens and poisons
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
3. Discuss changes in the circulatory system due to aging
Normal changes of aging in the circulatory system:
• Heart pumps less efficiently.
• Blood vessels narrow and become less efficient.
• Blood vessels become less elastic.
• Blood flow decreases.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Define the following terms:
occlusion
a complete obstruction of a blood vessel.
ischemia
a lack of blood supply to an area.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Remember these points about hypertension:
• Causes: hardening and narrowing of blood vessels, kidney
disease, adrenal tumors, pregnancy, stress, pain, or
medication
• Prehypertension means that a person does not have
hypertension now, but is likely to in the future.
• Symptoms: headache, blurred vision, dizziness
• Can lead to MI, CVA, kidney disease, or blindness
• Treatment: medication, including diuretics; exercise program;
diet; stopping smoking
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Define the following terms:
coronary artery disease (CAD)
a condition in which the coronary arteries become damaged
and narrow over time, causing chest pain and other symptoms.
myocardial ischemia
a condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough
blood and lacks oxygen; can cause angina pectoris.
angina pectoris
chest pain, pressure, or discomfort.
stable angina
chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe
stress.
19
The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Define the following terms:
unstable angina
chest pain that occurs while a person is at rest and not exerting
himself.
nitroglycerin
medication that relaxes the walls of the coronary arteries.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Remember these points about coronary artery disease (CAD):
• Cause: vessels in coronary arteries narrow after build-up of
arterial plaque, reducing blood to heart
• Symptom: angina pectoris
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Know these care guidelines for angina:
• Reduce emotional stress.
• Keep nitroglycerin pills nearby at all times.
• Encourage rest.
• Resident should avoid big meals.
• Encourage resident to follow exercise plan.
• Resident may need to avoid hot, humid weather.
• Encourage residents who are quitting smoking.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Define the following term:
cardiomyopathy
a weakening of the heart muscle due to enlargement or
thickening, which reduces the heart’s ability to pump blood
effectively.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Know these points about cardiomyopathy:
• Causes: extensive CAD, heart muscle that no longer pumps
effectively, virus, diabetes, thyroid problems, drug and alcohol
use, birth defect, or unknown cause
• Most common reason for heart transplants
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Remember these points about myocardial infarctions (MIs):
• Cause: block of blood flow to heart muscle
• Chapter 8, page 130 of textbook lists warning signs of MI.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Know the components of cardiac rehabilitation:
• Low-cholesterol, low-fat, low-sodium diet
• Regular exercise program
• Medication to regulate heart rate and blood pressure
• Stopping smoking
• Stress management program
• Avoidance of cold temperatures
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Define the following terms:
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
a condition in which the legs, feet, arms, or hands do not have
enough blood circulation.
phlebitis
inflammation of the veins in the lower extremities.
anti-embolic stockings
special stockings used to help prevent swelling and blood clots
and aid circulation; also called elastic stockings.
19
The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Know these points about peripheral vascular disease (PVD):
• Causes: build-up of arterial plaque over time, reduction in
cardiac output, phlebitis
• Most common type is peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
• Symptoms: cramping in hips, thighs, legs, or calves, cyanotic
hands or feet, bluish nailbeds, arms and/or legs that are cool
to the touch, edema in hands or feet, ulcers on legs or feet,
gangrene
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Points about PVD (cont’d.):
• Report: complaints of pain or change in hands, legs or feet;
change in vital signs, increased edema, weight gain, I&O
change; headache; inability to see clearly; discomfort in
chest, back, jaw or shoulder; disorientation, dizziness, or
confusion
• Treatment: fluid restrictions or special diets, quitting smoking,
anti-embolic stockings
Putting knee-high elastic stockings on a resident
Equipment: elastic stockings
1. Identify yourself by
name. Identify the
resident. Greet the
resident by name.
2. Wash your hands.
3. Explain procedure to
resident. Speak clearly,
slowly, and directly.
Maintain face-to-face
contact whenever
possible.
4. Provide for the resident’s
privacy with a curtain,
screen, or door.
5. Adjust bed to safe
working level, usually
waist high. Lock bed
wheels.
Putting knee-high elastic stockings on a resident
6.
The resident should be in
the supine position (on his
back) in bed. With resident
lying down, remove his or
her socks, shoes, or
slippers, and expose one
leg. Expose no more than
one leg at a time.
7.
Take one stocking and turn
it inside-out at least to the
heel area.
8.
Gently place foot of
stocking over toes, foot,
and heel. Make sure the
heel is in the right place
(heel should be in heel of
stocking).
Putting knee-high elastic stockings on a resident
9.
Gently pull top of stocking
over foot, heel, and leg.
10. Make sure there are no
twists or wrinkles in
stocking after it is on the
leg. It must fit smoothly.
The opening in the
stocking that allows
observation of skin color
should be either on the
top or the bottom of the
toe area, depending upon
the manufacturer. Check
toes for possible pressure
from stocking and adjust
as needed.
Putting knee-high elastic stockings on a resident
11. Repeat steps 7 through
10 for the other leg.
12. Make resident
comfortable.
13. Return bed to lowest
position. Remove privacy
measures.
14. Leave call light within
resident’s reach.
15. Wash your hands.
16. Be courteous and
respectful at all times.
Putting knee-high elastic stockings on a resident
17. Report any changes in
the resident to the
nurse. Document
procedure using facility
guidelines.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Define the following term:
sequential compression device (SCD)
a machine used to help improve circulation, reduce fluid buildup, and prevent blood clots; compression sleeves are placed
around the legs and are inflated and deflated regularly.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Remember these points about sequential compression
devices (SCDs):
• Used to improve circulation and prevent blood clots
• Applied during or after surgery
• Report damaged equipment to nurse
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Define the following terms:
congestive heart failure (CHF)
a condition in which the heart muscle is damaged and fails to
pump effectively.
orthopnea
shortness of breath when lying down that is relieved by sitting
up.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Know these points about congestive heart failure (CHF):
• Cause: failure of heart muscle to pump effectively due to
damage
• Symptoms: fatigue, reduction in ability to be active, dyspnea,
orthopnea, increased pulse, irregular heartbeat, chest pain,
dizziness, confusion, weight gain, lack of appetite, edema,
abdominal distention or pain, increased urination
• Symptoms associated with each side of the heart: Left-sided
failure: fatigue, orthopnea, coughing, rapid pulse, and weight
gain
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Points about CHF (cont’d.):
• Right-sided failure: fatigue, weakness, edema of the
extremities (especially the ankles), bulging neck veins,
irregular heartbeat, and fainting
• Treatment: medication, care plan that includes rest
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Remember these care guidelines for CHF:
• Encourage rest.
• Measure daily weight and I&O.
• Encourage resident to follow fluid and diet orders.
• Use special stockings, as ordered.
• Extra pillows in bed may help.
• Assist with ADLs.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Care guidelines for CHF (cont’d.):
• ROM exercises improve muscle tone.
• Report dizziness, confusion or fainting; fatigue; increased
respiratory or pulse rate or BP; irregular heartbeat;
palpitations; dyspnea; coughing; wheezing; chest tightness or
pain; lack of appetite; abdominal swelling or pain; edema;
weight gain; bulging neck veins; change in urinary output
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Define the following term:
pulmonary edema
a condition in which there is an accumulation of fluid in the
lungs; usually due to heart failure.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Know these points about pulmonary edema:
• Cause: buildup of fluid in the lungs
• Symptoms: shortness of breath; wheezing; coughing;
gurgling when breathing; anxiety; restlessness
• Emergency treatment is necessary.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Define the following terms:
anemia
a condition in which the amount of red blood cells or
hemoglobin in the body is less than normal.
hypoxia
a condition in which the body does not receive enough oxygen.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
4. Discuss common disorders of the circulatory system
Know these points about anemia:
• Cause: amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the body is
less than normal
• Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, pale skin, problems with the
tongue, brittle nails, difficulty concentrating
• Treatment for iron-deficiency anemia: diet of foods rich in
iron, vitamins, iron supplements, and methods to treat
constipation that can occur
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
Exam
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.
1. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the left ventricle via the:
(A) Right ventricle
(B) Aorta
(C) Capillaries
(D) Veins
2. About 55% of blood is made up of _______.
(A) Erythrocytes
(B) Leukocytes
(C) Plasma
(D) Platelets
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
Exam (cont’d.)
3. Which of the following is one of the functions that the circulatory system
performs?
(A) Senses and interprets information from the environment
(B) Cushions the brain and spinal cord
(C) Allows humans to reproduce
(D) Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells
4. A normal age-related change for the circulatory system is:
(A) The heart pumps less efficiently
(B) Blood vessels widen
(C) Blood vessels become more elastic
(D) Blood flow increases
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
Exam (cont’d.)
5. The medical term for high blood pressure is:
(A) Myocardial infarction
(B) Hypotension
(C) Hypertension
(D) Peripheral vascular disease
6. One way for a person to keep hypertension under control and prevent
complications is to:
(A) Take medications to increase fluid in the body
(B) Increase the intake of sodium
(C) Stop smoking
(D) Avoid exercise
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
Exam (cont’d.)
7. The medical term for chest pain, pressure, or discomfort is:
(A) Myocardial ischemia
(B) Angina pectoris
(C) Coronary artery disease
(D) Hypertension
8. Which of the following is true of residents who have angina?
(A) Residents need to reduce emotional distress as much as possible.
(B) Nursing assistants need to give residents nitroglycerin.
(C) Residents should eat large meals to stay satisfied.
(D) Nursing assistants should encourage residents to exercise most of the time.
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
Exam (cont’d.)
9. One component of cardiac rehabilitation is:
(A) A diet high in sodium will be ordered
(B) Resident will be discouraged from exercising
(C) A stress management program will be initiated
(D) Residents will be encouraged to smoke to help deal with stress
10. The most common type of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is:
(A) Phlebitis
(B) Myocardial infarction (MI)
(C) Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
(D) Coronary artery disease (CAD)
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
Exam (cont’d.)
11. When should anti-embolic stockings be applied?
(A) In the evening
(B) In the morning
(C) Mid-afternoon
(D) After residents have finished exercising
12. Residents with congestive heart failure may:
(A) Be on a high-sodium diet
(B) Take medications that cause a decrease in urinary output
(C) Have a “force fluids” order
(D) Need to do range of motion exercises to improve muscle tone
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The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System
Exam (cont’d.)
13. The most common form of anemia is:
(A) Iron-deficiency anemia
(B) Hypoxia
(C) Pernicious anemia
(D) Pulmonary anemia