Transcript Jarvik Heart - Electrical, Computer & Biomedical Engineering

Artificial Hearts
Amanda junkins
Bme 281
University of rhode island
October 2, 2012
What is an Artificial Heart?
 Total Artificial Heart – device
that replaces at least the lower
two chambers (ventricles) of
the heart and fully takes over
cardiac function
 Often used to bridge the time
between heart failure and
heart transplantation
 Can be used for permanent
replacement if transplant is
not possible
History
 1940’s-1950’s – early designs of artificial heart machines; used only to
keep patient’s blood flowing while the real heart was operated on
 Late 1950’s-1970’s – artificial hearts tested on animals, primarily dogs
and cows
 1961 – Dr. Domingo Liotta reported on three types of total artificial
hearts with different sources of external energy: an implantable electric
motor, an implantable rotating pump with an external electric motor,
and a pneumatic pump
 1969 – Liotta-Cooley Total Artificial Heart, first clinical use
 1982 – the Jarvik 7 artificial heart was implanted into a human being
and successful for nearly four months
The Jarvik 7
 Developed by Dr. Robert Jarvik and Dr. Willem Johan Kolff, starting in
1971
 Originally made of a material that the human body would not accept,
ended up using aluminum and plastic, with two rubber diaphragms for
the pumping action
 The external compressor that kept the heart beating was the size of a
refrigerator – mobility problems
 Even with the highest success rate (79%), and embolism and infection
adequately controlled, there was a great need for a completely
implantable heart
Newer Models
 SynCardia Systems Temporary TAH –
modeled like the Jarvik 7, with a slightly
smaller tube diameter
 Used for the time between heart failure in
both ventricles (irreversible end stage
biventricular failure) and heart transplant
 By 2010, this model included a portable
appliance that kept the device running, that
was just the size of a fanny pack, allowing
patients awaiting a transport to leave the
hospital environment
Newer Models
 AbioCor Replacement Heart – fully implantable artificial heart,
meaning there are no external tubes or wires penetrating the skin, so
there is less risk for infection
 Used in patients with biventricular heart disease, who are ineligible for
a heart transplant and have no other viable options of treatment
 AbioCor runs on a rechargeable source of power, called transcutaneous
energy transmission
Advantages/Disadvantages
 Jarvik 7 – highest success rate of all artificial
hearts, able to sustain patients between heart
failure and heart transplant, no mobility for the
patient
 SynCardia Systems TAH – smaller, allows for
movement with fanny pack sized battery, can’t
sustain the patient as long as the Jarvik 7
 AbioCor – bigger (more suited for a larger male),
fully implantable with less risk of infection, made
to be permanent but typically keeps patient alive
for 18 months
Ethical Considerations
 Patients with total heart failure have very little time
to live, and are often suffering. How does one deal
with the situation where a patient asks to be allowed
to die?
 Organ/Heart Transplantation – taking one person’s
heart and putting it into another person’s body
In the Future
 2011 – The Berlin Heart – more of a ventricular
assist device (VAD), designed for children, now FDA
approved
 Carmat artificial heart – from the French biomedical
firm Carmat, fully implantable TAH, uses electronic
sensors and is made from chemically treated animal
tissues (biomaterials), clinical trials in 2012/2013
References
 Advameg, Inc.. "How artificial heart is made - history, used, parts, components,
industry, machine, History, Raw Materials, Design, The Manufacturing Process
of artificial heart, Quality Control, Byproducts/Waste." How Products Are
Made. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/ArtificialHeart.html>.
 "Artificial heart - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_heart>.
 Greatrex, Nicholas. "Axial Magnetic Bearing Development for the BiVACOR
Rotary BiVAD/TAH." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 57.3
(2010): 714-721. IEEE Xplore. Web.
 "Jarvik Heart | Resources - Robert Jarvik on the Jarvik-7." Jarvik Heart |
Home - Welcome. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.jarvikheart.com/basic.asp?id=69>.