Transcript The Mediterranean and Middle East 2000-500 BC Chapter 3

Unit 1: Part 3
The Mediterranean and Middle
East 2000-500 B.C.
Empire
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Rule over distant lands and diverse people.
If conquest occurs over land= land based
empire
If conquest occurs by colonization=
maritime/overseas empire
Examples:
Which is easier to control? Why?
Why do rulers seek to create
empires?
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Control trade- avoid middleman
Relief from overpopulation
Builds up image of powerful ruler- propaganda
How are empires created?
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Government adopts policy of expansion, like
Hittites, Egyptians, and Assyrians
Military technology makes it possible
Iron
 Horses
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Assimilation
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Hyksos and Egyptians
Physiological warfare
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Assyrians
Conquest Brings
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Resources, tribute, booty, and taxes
How to maintain control?
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Buffer zone
Garrisons
Win loyalty of local rulers and elites
Establish a professional army
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conscription
The Cosmopolitan Middle East,
1700-1100 B.C.
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Both Mesopotamia and Egypt fell to outside
invaders; Eventually ejected or assimilated.
Late Bronze Age was a “cosmopolitan” era.
Western Asia
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By 1500 B.C. Mesopotamia was divided into two
distinct political zones:
Babylonians were passive
 Assyrians were ambitious and
had a busy trade route across the
Mesopotamian plain.
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The Assyrians exported textiles and tin, to make
bronze in exchange for silver.
Hittites
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First to develop iron weapons and tools
Spread of political and cultural concepts
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Including Akkadian language and cuneiform
New Kingdom Egypt
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Central v. Local Authority
Egyptian Middle Kingdom declined. Why?
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HyksosSuperior military techniques
 They assimilated
 After 30 years they were expelled
and the New Kingdom of Egypt began
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Isolationalist mindset of Egypt died. Why?
How did they impose their rule?
Imposed its language
 Exposed Egypt to new food, technology, and arts
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HatshepsutExpanded trade
 Image and name decimated
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Akhenaten 1353-1335 B.C.Intention was to reassert the superiority of the king
over the priests and to renew belief in the king’s
divinity.
 Images of him and his family
had elongaded heads and swollen
abdomens.
 His reforms were overturned
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In 1323 B.C. the Ramessides established a new
dynasty.
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Ramesses II/Ramesses the Great renewed the policy
of ________ and _______ that Akhenaten
neglected.
Commerce and Communication
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Ramesses II strengthened active centers of
international trade by marrying a Hittite
princess.
Commerce in metals
energized the long distance
trade route.
 Horses came from W. Asia.
What was the impact?
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The Aegean World, 2000-1100 B.C.
Minoan Crete
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By 2000 B.C. the island of Crete housed the first
European ________.
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Minoan civilization
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What were the characteristics of the Minoan civilization?
Distribution of Cretan artifacts around the
Mediterranean and Middle East testify to
widespread trading connections.
Mycenaean Greece
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Speakers of Indo-European language ancestral
to Greek migrated to the peninsula around 2000
B.C.
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They created the first Greek culture through
“cultural diffusion”
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Mycenaean-
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Minoans and Mycenaeans were excellent sea
travelers.
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They made extra profits by:
Mycenaeans were tough and warlike, they were
involved in trading and piracy.
What Minoan ideas were borrowed by the
Mycenaens?
The Fall of Late Bronze Age
Civilizations
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Around 1200 B.C. the “Philistines” destroyed
the Hittite kingdom.
The Assyrian Empire, 911-612 B.C.
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Neo-Assyrian Empire were the first to rule over
vast lands of diverse people-________
Large campaigns of conquering led to long
distance trade. They defeated all great kingdoms
of the day-Elam, Urartu, Babylon, and Egypt.
God and King
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Assyrian king controlled all things.
The gods earthly representative
 Responsibilities included:
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PropagandaMilitary Punishment Image
Conquest and Control
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Armies consisted of: peasants, men serving to
receive land grants and _____.
Used terror tactics to discourage resistance and
rebellion.
Assyrian provincial officials oversaw the
payment of tribute and taxes, raised troops,
public works, and territorial issues.
Assyrian Society and Culture
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Three classes:
1.
2.
3.
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Free, landowning citizens
Farmers and artisans attached to the estates of the
king or other rich landholders
Slaves-
Silver was the basic medium of exchange
May have had libraries in temples
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Library of Ashurbanipal
Israel, 2000-500 B.C
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Various names:
Origins, Exodus, and Settlement
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Fundamental source of Israel’s culture is documented
in the ________.
Language was Arabic and Akkadian language of
Assyrians.
Abraham was born in the city Ur in south
Mesopotamia.
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“the covenant”
Isaac and Joseph became leaders of the wandering group of
herders. Joseph’s brother Jacob was eventually sold into
slavery to the Egyptians.
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Jacob became a high official at Pharaoh's court
Drought led Israelites to Egypt were eventually sold in
slavery.
Moses led them out of Egypt and they wandered in the
desert for 40 years.
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The Ten Commandments
“Chosen People”
Joshua, eventually led them into the land of Canaan (Israel
and Palestine)
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Divided into 12 tribes
Ark of the Covenant
Rise of the Monarchy
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Saul became the first king of Israel around 1020
B.C. Why the need for monarchy?
King David
King Solomon-
Beliefs
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Lived in extended families, with authority going
to the oldest male.
Marriage
 Groom, in order to prove his financial worthiness
gave a _________ to the father of the bride.
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Male heirs were of importance
Status of women:
Fragmentation
and Dispersal
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After Solomon’s death, the monarchy split into
two kingdoms:
Israel
 Judah
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MonotheismAssyrians destroyed Israel and deported much of
the population. King Nebuchadnezzar of NeoBabylon deported the tribe of Judah to Babylon.
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The deportees prospered and refused to return to their
homeland after Cyrus, the Persian monarch offered
them this opportunity.
DiasporaThe synagogue was established to:
Deuteronomic Code
Dietary restrictions-
Phoenicia and the Mediterranean,
1200-500 B.C.
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The people of the coast of the Mediterranean
developed their own civilization- Phoenicians
(Canaanites).
The Phoenician City-States
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Series of small city-states, thriving trade in raw
materials, food, and luxury goods brought
considerable wealth.
Developed earlier Canaanite models into and
“alphabetic” system.
Greeks added the
symbols for vowels
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The most important Phoenician city-state was
Byblos, a major distribution center.
They formed an alliance with Israelite king
Solomon, monopolizing Mediterranean coastal
trade.
Expansion into the Mediterranean
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Phoenicians established cooper-rich colonies on
Cyprus, a major island trading route.
“Phoenician triangle”
 Trading brought them into contact with the ______.
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They began a trading rivalry
Carthage’s Commercial Empire
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Carthage was a Phoenician colony that
historians know the most about.
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One of the largest cities in the world by 500 B.C.
Government
Two judges
 Senate
 Navy
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War and Religion
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Ruled indirectly:
Colonies depended on Carthage for military
protection.
Not required to serve in the army. Why?
Depended on mercenaries
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Religion was polytheism, similar to deities of
Mesopotamia.
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sacrifice
Failure and Transformation, 750-550
B.C.
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Assyrian power caused converging of
Mesopotamia, Israel and Phoenicia.
Decline:
Two new political challengers destroyed
Assyrian chief cities:
Babylonia
 The Medes (Iran)
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The Medes took the northern Assyrian
homeland, but most of the territory fell to the
Neo-Babylonian kingdom (626-539 B.C.)
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A cultural renaissance took place as Babylon was
revived.