Transcript Slide 1

Department of Pharmaceutics and
Industrial Pharmacy
Prelab 1
Presented by :
Osama Saher
Measuring
Graduated Cylinder
(Cylindrical measure)
Measuring Cup
(Cup Measure)
For adjustment
of final volume
only *
Prescriptions are best written in
latin language, WHY?
1) It is language of medical science all-over the
world.
2) Latin names are definite with no misinterpretation
3) unknown by patients thus prevent worry and
fear
Simple Solutions
 They are liquid dosage forms prepared by dissolving soluble substances
in an aqueous or non aqueous vehicle.
Water soluble substances may be either:
List (A) substances
List (B) substances
Readily dissolve by stirring e.g. NH4Cl Finely powdered before dissolving e.g.
borax
Dissolve readily in warm water e.g.
MgSO4
General Method for
Preparation of solutions
Stage
Stage (1)
Process
Dissolve solids in ¾ of vehicle (warm
if needed)
Stage (2)
Examine the solution against light and filter if necessary
through a small piece of wetted cotton plug
Stage (3)
Add any other liquid ingredients.
(Cool If volatile ingredients are present)
Stage (4)
Stage (5)
Adjust the volume with
the vehicle in a cup measure
Transfer to a bottle and attach label
1)Ammonium chloride
℞
Ammonium chloride
Liquid extract of liquorice
Syrup
Water Q.S
to
Fiat: Cough Syrup
Sig: 5 ml t.d.s.
Use: For Cough
Calculations
4g
5 ml
50 ml
100 ml
[A.C., expectorant]
[Mucolytic, expectorant]
[Sweetening agent]
[Vehicle (before to *)]
This applies to all SOLUTIONS
Volume of water (vehicle) = 100 - (5 + 50) = 45 ml
¾ Vehicle = ¾ * 45 = 33.75 ≈ 35 ml
Procedure
Balance
4 g amm.
chloride
Filter on
cotton
wetted with
water *
Stirring
If turbid,
filter
*Not dripping water
*Never filter a colored solution so filter
before the coloring agent addition
Cup measure
0.000 g
Cup measure
35 ml Water
Transfer clear solution to cup
measure
50 ml
Syrup
5 ml
Ext. of liquorice
Adjust volume
to 100 ml
Transfer to
a bottle
Water
Label
Fiat: Cough Syrup
Sig: 5 ml t.d.s.
1.White label*(enter the gut) /RED*
2. Central title from Fiat.
3. All with capital letter
4.Underline the title
5.Leave paragraph space before the
first word.
6.First word starts with capital letter
7.Write dose
8.Write frequency
9.Must end with a full stop.
10. All numbers are written in letters.
The Cough Syrup
One teaspoonful
to be taken three times
daily.
Note :
Teaspoonful:
One word
Spoonful with oo and one l.
2) Ferrous Fumarate
℞
Ferrous Fumarate
Tr. of nux-vomica
Syrup
Water
to
Fiat : Mist.
Sig.: 15 ml P.C.
5 g [A.C., antianeamic]
3 ml [Bitter stomachic]
10 ml [Sweetening agent]
90 ml [Vehicle]
Calculations
Volume of water (vehicle) = 90 - (10 + 3) = 77 ml
¾ Vehicle = ¾ x 77 = 57.5 ≈ 60 ml
Procedure
Sprinkle 5 g ferrous fumarate with stirring
Balance
Cup measure
60 ml Water
0.000 g
Adjust
volume
to 90 ml
Water
10 ml
Syrup
3 ml
Tr. Nux-vomica
Transfer to a
bottle
Precautions
Sprinkle ferrous fumarate at the center of the vehicle to
prevent the formation of sticky mass which is difficult to be
dissolved.
No filtration. …why??? (A: colored solution)
Label
White lable.
The Mixture
Fiat : Mist.
Sig.: 15 ml P.C.
One tablespoonful
to be taken after meals.
3) Phenobarbital elixir
℞ Elixir: It is clear flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic solution intended for oral use.
Phenobarbital
0.4 gm (0.2 g) (A.C. tranquilizer)
Orange oil
0.1 ml (0.05 ml) (Flavoring agent)
Alcohol
25.6 ml (12.8 ml) (Solvent for phenobarbital)
Glycerin
35 ml (17.5 ml) (Co-solvent)
Sucrose
2 gm (1 g) (Sweetening agent)
Water q.s.
100 ml (50 ml) (Vehicle)
prescribed
Fiat : Elixir
Required
Mitte : 50 ml
(F = 50/100 = 0.5)
Sig.: ʒ i o.n.
Use: sedative in epilepsy
Calculations
F=Required /prescribed
Factor = 50 / 100 = 0.5
Volume of water (vehicle) = 50 - (12.8 + 17.5) = 19.7 ml
¾ Vehicle = ¾ x 20 = 15 ml
Procedure
1 g sucrose with stirring (if turbid, filter)
Balance
15 ml Water
0.000 g
0.2 g phenobarbital
with stirring
Balance
0.000 g
2 drops
Orange
oil
12.8 ml
Alcohol
17.5 ml
Glycerin
Portion wise
with stirring
Aqueous Solution
Adjust volume to 50 ml
with water
Alcoholic
Solution
Precautions
Aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic one not the reverse to:
 To prevent volatilization of alcohol
 To prevent precipitation of alcohol-soluble substances by dilution.
Label
Fiat : Elixir
Sig.: ʒ i o.n.
White lable.
The Elixir
One teaspoonful
to be taken every night.
ROMAN NUMBERS
ROMAN NUMBERS
Letter
ss
I or i
V or v
X or x
L or l
C or c
D or d
M or m
Numerical Value
1/2
1
5
10
50
100
500
1000
Rules of ROMAN numbers:
1) When
the left letter is ≥ 1st letter  (+) SUM
ii
2
iii
3
Mdclxvi
1000 + 500 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 5 + 1 =
1666
N.B.:
Notice the order in the values
2) When
the left letter is  1st letter  (-) SUBTRACT
iV
4
iX
CM
9
40
90
400
900
XiV
10 + 4 = 14
Xix
10 + 9 = 19
xLiv
40 + 4 = 44
Xcix
90 + 9 = 99
XL
XC
CD
i
V
X
L
C
I, X and C are called  SUBTRACTORS
i.e. can be subtracted only from the next higher two values
i : can be subtracted only from V and X
X: can be subtracted only from L and C
C: can be subtracted only from D and M
Example:
49 = xLix not iL
95 = XCV not vC
99 =Xcix not iC
D M
arabic
roman
NOT
1
i
2
ii
3
iii
iiV
4
IV
IIII
Rule :Each number can be repeated maximally 3 times only
6
VI
7
VII
8
VIII
IIX
Not more than one subtractor can be subtracted from one
letter
19
X iX
iXX
Rule : SUBTRACTORS can be placed before only one greater letter than itself
i.e. XiX = 19 not iXX ( 9 cant come before 10 and the 1 is not subtracted from 20)
2) Write the following in arabic numbers
Roman number
Arabic number
Xlviii
48
L-X=40
X<L
5+1+1
+1=8
V>I
Mcmlxxxiv
Hundreds
Thousands
M=1000
C<M=
M-C=
1000-100
=900
40+8
=48
1984
Tens
LXXX=
50+10+10+10=80
units
I<V=
V-I=
5-1=4
Practical Problems
1) Write the following in roman numbers
Number
Roman number
18
10+8
8+10
Xviii
10=X
8=5+3
8=V+ III
XVIII
Practical Problems
1) Write the following in roman numbers
Number
1984
1000+900+
80+4
4=5-1
=iv
Roman number
Mcmlxxxiv
1000=M
900=1000-100
=CM
80=50+10+10+10
80=LXXX
80=100-20
ROMAN NUMBERS
Lab Tools you must bring
1- clean Lab Coat (white color) ‫بالطو‬
‫ابيض‬
2- Scissors (to trim the label) ‫مقص‬
3- Your ID 2013-2014 ‫كارنيه الكلية‬
4-problems next Tuesday
5-prelab source.
6-weighing paper
You can ask us at
any time
and
We can ask you at
ANY TIME
THANK YOU & GOOD LUCK