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PreAlgebra 2
Chapter 2 Notes
The Distributive
Property
The Distributive Property
Camping: You and a friend are going on a camping trip. You each buy a backpack that costs
$90 and a sleeping bag that cost $60. What is the total cost of the camping equipment?
Example 1
Evaluating Numerical Expressions
You can use two methods to find the total cost of the camping equipment described above.
Method 1:
Find the cost of one backpack and one sleeping bag. Then multiply the
result by 2, the number of each item bought.
Total Cost
=
2( 90 + 60 )
2 (150)
300
Method 2:
Find the cost of one backpack and one sleeping bag. Then multiply the
result by 2, the number of each item bought.
Total Cost
=
2 (90) + 2 (60 )
180 + 120
300
Answer: The total cost of the
camping equipment is $300
2.2
The Distributive Property
Algebra
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Numbers
4 (6 + 3) = 4(6) + 4(3)
(b + c) a = ba + ca
(6 + 3) 4 = 6(4) + 3(4)
a(b – c) = ab – ac
5 (7– 2) = 5(7) – 5(2)
(b – c) a = ba – ca
(7 – 2) 4 = 7(5) – 2(5)
Vocabulary: When you use the distributive property, you
distribute the number outside the parentheses to each
number inside the parentheses separated by + or − :
a(b+c)=ab+ac
2.2
The Distributive Property
Example 2
Using the Distributive Property
Goedes: After touring a cave, you visit the gift shop and buy 3 geodes. Each geode costs
$5.95. Use the distributive property and mental math to find the total cost of the geodes.
Solution
Total cost
= 3 (5.95)
Write expression for total cost
= 3 (6 − 0.05)
Rewrite 5.95 as 6 – 0.05
= 3 (6) – 3 (0.05)
Distributive property
18 – 0.15
Multiply using mental math
17.85
Subtract using mental math
Answer: The total cost of the
geodes is $17.85
2.2
The Distributive Property
Example 3
Writing Equivalent Variable Expressions
Use the distributive property to write an equivalent variable expression.
a.
3 ( x + 7) = 3 (x) + 3 (7)
= 3 x + 21
b.
c.
( n + 4) (–2) = n (–2) + 4 (–2)
–5 (2y –3)
Distributive property
Multiply
Distributive property
= – 2 n + (–8)
Multiply
=–2n–8
Definition of subtraction
= –5 (2y) – (–5) (3)
Distributive property
= – 10 y – (–15)
Multiply
= – 10 y + 15
Definition of subtraction
2.2
2.2
The Distributive Property
Finding Areas or Geometric Figures
Example 4
Find the area of the rectangle or triangle
8–3y
7
12
2x+5
a.
Use the formula for the area of a
rectangle
b. Use the formula for the area of a
Triangle
A=lw
A = ½ bh = ½ (12) ( 8 – 3 y )
= ( 2 x + 5) ( 7 )
=6(8–3y)
=2x(7)+5(7)
= 6 (8) – 6 (3y)
14 x + 35
= 48 – 18 y
Answer: The area is ( 14 x + 35 )
square units.
Answer: The area is ( 48 – 18 y )
square units.
The Distributive Property
Example 2
Using the Distributive Property
Goedes: After touring a cave, you visit the gift shop and buy 3 geodes. Each geode costs
$5.95. Use the distributive property and mental math to find the total cost of the geodes.
Solution
Total cost
= 3 (5.95)
Write expression for total cost
= 3 (6 − 0.05)
Rewrite 5.95 as 6 – 0.05
= 3 (6) – 3 (0.05)
Distributive property
18 – 0.15
Multiply using mental math
17.85
Subtract using mental math
Answer: The total cost of the
geodes is $17.85
2.2
Simplifying Variable Expressions
2.3
Vocabulary:
Term (values separated by ADD or SUBTRACT operation)
Coefficient (number value that precede a variable, 5x )
Constant Term ( a number value with no variable, 5)
Like Terms ( values that has the same variable with the same exponent, 3x + 4x)
Example 1
Identify the terms, like terms, coefficients, and constant terms of the expression y + 8 – 5y – 3
Solution
1) Write the expression as a sum: y + 8 + (– 5y) + (– 3)
2) Identify the parts of the expression. Note that because y = 1y, the coefficient of y is 1
Terms: y, 8, – 5y. – 3
Like terms; y and – 5y; 8 and – 3
Coefficients: 1, – 5
Constant terms: 8, – 3
Simplifying Variable Expressions
Example 2 : Simplifying and Expression
4n – 7 – n + 9 = 4n + (– 7) + (– n ) + 9
= 4n + (– n) + (– 7 ) + 9
= 4n + (– 1n) + (– 7 ) + 9
= [4 + (– 1) ] n + (– 7 ) + 9
= 3n + 2
Write as a sum
Commutative property
Coefficient of – n is – 1
Distributive property
Simplify
A quick way to combine like terms containing variables is to add their
coefficients mentally. For example, 4n + (– n) = 3n Because 4 – 1 = 3
Example 3 : Simplifying Expressions with parentheses
a.) 2 (x – 4) + 9 x+ 1 = 2x – 8 + 9x + 1
= 2x – 8 + 9x + 1
= 11x – 7
b) 3k – 8 (k + 2) = 3k – 8k – 16
= – 5 k – 16
c) 4a – ( 4a – 3 ) = 4a – 1 (4a – 3 )
= 4a – 4a + 3
=0+3
=3
Distributive property
Group like terms
Combine like terms
Distributive property
Combine like terms
Identity property
Distributive property
Combine like terms
Simplify
2.3
2.3
Simplifying Variable Expressions
Correct the error in this problem:
5a – (3a – 7 ) = 5a – 3a – 7
= 2a – 7
The error in this problem is – • – = +:
5a – (3a – 7 ) = 5a – 3a + 7
= 2a + 7
Guided Practice
1) What are terms that have a number but no variable called? 1)______________
2) What is the coefficient of y in the expression 8 – 3 y + 1 ?
2)______________
3) 6x + x + 2 + 4
3) 7x + 6
4) – 4 k – 12 + 3k
4) – 1 k – 12
5) 5n + 1 – n – 8
5) 4 n – 7
6) 5x + 2 + 3(x – 1)
6) 8 x – 1
7) – 7 (2r + 3) + 11 r
7) – 3 r – 21
8) p + 6 – 6 (p – 2 )
8) – 5p + 18
2.4
Variables and Equations
An Equation is a mathematical sentence formed by placing an equal sign, =,
between two expressions.
A Solution of an equation with a variable is a number that produces a true
statement when it is substituted for the variable.
Numerical Expression is an expression, with no equation or inequality, that
has no variables, just numbers. Ex. 3 ( 6 + 2 )
Variable Expression is an expression, with no equation or inequality, that
has at lease one variable. Ex. 3 ( x + 2 )
Example 1: Writing Verbal Sentences as Equations
1. The sum (addition) of x and 6 is 9.
2. The difference (subtraction) of 12 and y is 15.
3. The product (multiplication) of – 4 and p is 32.
4. The quotient (division) of n and 2 is 9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Equation
x+6=9
12 – y = 15
– 4 p = 32
n = 9
2
Variables and Equations
Example 2: Checking Possible Solutions
Tell whether 9 or 7 is a solution of x – 5 = 2.
a. Substitute 9 for x b. Substitute 7 for x
x–5=2
x–5=2
9–5=2
7–5=2
4 ≠2
2=2
Answer 9 is not a solution
Answer 7 is a solution
2.4
2.4
Variables and Equations
Example 3: Solving Equations Using Mental Math
Equation
Question
Solution
Check
a)
x + 3 = 11
What number plus 3 equals 11?
8
8 + 3 = 11
b)
16 – m = 9
16 minus what number equals 9?
7
16 – 7 = 9
c)
20 = 5t
20 equals 5 times what number?
4
20 = 5 (4)t
d)
y = –3
6
What number divided by 6 equals –
37
–18
–18 = –3
6
Solve the equation using mental math:
4) x – 10 = 7
5) 2 + n = - 6
6) 3 w = - 15
7) 4 = 36
s
Variables and Equations
Guided Practice
Solution Of an equation is a number that produces a
1. A(n) ___________?
true statement when it is substituted for a variable.
x + 10 - 15
2. The sum (addition) of x and 10 is 15.
– 6 x = 54
3. The product (multiplication) of – 6 and x is 54
4. The difference (subtraction) of 3 and x is 2.
3x=2
– 40 = – 8
5. The quotient (division) of – 40 and x is – 8.
x
2.4
Solving Equations using Addition or Subtraction
Inverse operations are two operations that undo each
other, such as addition and subtraction.
Equivalent equations have the same solution.
Subtraction Property of Equality
Words
Subtracting the same number from each side of an equation
produces an equivalent equation
Numbers If x + 3 = 5, then x + 3 – 3 = 5 – 3 , or x = 2
Algebra If x + a = b, then x + a – a = b – a , or x = b – a
2.5
Subtraction Property of Equality
Example1
Solving an Equation Using Subtraction
Solve x + 9 = −3
Solve x + 9 = −3
Write original equation
x+9−9 = −3−9
Subtract 9 from each side
x = − 12
Simplify
Answer The solution is x = − 12
Check
x+9= −3
Write original equation
− 12 + 9 = − 3
Substitute – 12 for x
−3 = −3
Solution checks
2.5
Solving Equations using Addition or Subtraction
Addition Property of Equality
Words
Subtracting the same number from each side of an equation
produces an equivalent equation
Numbers If x – 3 = 5, then x – 3 + 3 = 5 + 3 , or x = 8
Algebra If x – a = b, then x – a + a = b + a , or x = b + a
Example 2 : Solving an Equation Using Addition
Solve 23 = y – 11
Write original equation
23 + 11 = y – 11 + 11
Add 11 to each side
34 = y
Simplify
2.5
Solving Equations using Addition or Subtraction
Correct the error in this problem:
x + 8 = 10
x + 8 – 8 = 10 + 8
x = 18
The error in this problem is – 8 to one
side of equation and + 8 to other side
of equation. The value to both sides
MUST be equal, including sign.
Guided Practice
1) Addition and subtraction are ___________ operations?
1) Inverse / opposite
2) Why are x – 5 = 7 and x = 12 are equivalent equations?
2) Both = 12
3) x + 4 = 10
3) x = 6
4) t + 9 = – 5
4) t = – 14
5) u – 3 = 6
5) u = 9
6) y – 7 = – 2
6) y = 5
7) 16 = a + 25
7) a = – 9
8) – 70 = b – 30
8) b = – 40
2.5
Solving Equations using
Multiplication or Division
Division Property of Equality
Words
Numbers
Algebra
Dividing each side of an equation by the same nonzero number
produces an equivalent equation
If 3 x = 12, then 3 x = 12 , or x = 4
3
3
If a x = b and a ≠ 0, then a x = b, or x = b
a a
a
2.6
Solving Equations using
Multiplication or Division
Solving an Equation Using Division
Example1
Solve − 6 x = 48
Solve
− 6 x = 48
Write original equation
− 6 x = 48
−6 −6
Divide each side by − 6
x=−8
Simplify
Answer The solution is x = − 8
Check
− 6 x = 48
Write original equation
− 6 (− 8 )= 48
Substitute – 8 for x
48 = 48
Solution checks
2.6
2.6
Solving Equations using
Multiplication or Division
Guided Practice
1) Multiplication and __________ are inverse operations?
1) Division
2) Which property of equality would you use to solve are x = 12 ?
5
2) Multiplication
3) 5 c = – 15
4) 54 = 9 x
3) c = – 3
4) x = 6
5) 6 = u
4
5) u = 24
6) y = 7
– 10
6) y = – 70
Decimal Operations and
Equations with Decimals
Example 1
a.)
Adding and Subtracting Decimals
Find the sum – 2.9 + (– 6.5)
Use the rule for adding numbers with the same sign
add │– 2.9 │and │ – 6.5│
– 2.9 + (– 6.5) = – 9.4
Both decimals are negative, so the sum is negative.
b.)
Find the difference – 25.38 – (– 42.734). Then use the rule for adding numbers
with different signs.
subtract │– 25.38│from │ 42.734│
– 25.38 + 42.734 = + 17.354
│42.734│ > │ – 25.38│, so the sum has the same sign
as + 42.734
1) – 1.3 + (– 4.2) =
2) 10.57 + (– 6.89) =
3) 9.817 – (– 1.49 ) =
2.7
Decimal Operations and
Equations with Decimals
Example 2
Multiplying and Dividing Decimals
a.)
– 0.7 (18.4)
b.) – 4.5 (– 9.25)
c.}
– 29.07 ÷ (– 1.9)
d.) 16.83 ÷ (– 3.3)
Solutions
a.)
– 0.7 (18.4) = – 12.88
Different signs: Product is negative
b.)
– 4.5 (– 9.25) = 41.625
Same sign: Product is positive
c.)
– 29.07 ÷ (– 1.9) = 15.3
Same sign: Quotient is positive
d.)
16.83 ÷ (– 3.3) = – 5.1
Different signs: Quotient is negative
Find the product or quotient
1) 3.1 (– 6.8) =
2) –11.41 ÷ (– 0.7)
3) – 15.841 ÷ 2.17
2.7
Decimal Operations and
Equations with Decimals
Example 3
a.)
Solving Addition and Subtraction Equations
x + 4.7 = 3.5
b.) y – 6.91 = – 2.26
Solutions
a.)
b.)
x + 4.7 = 3.5
Write original equation
x + 4.7 – 4.7 = 3.5 – 4.7
Subtract 4.7 from each side
x = – 1.2
Simplify
y – 6.91 = – 2.26
Write original equation
y – 6.91 + 6.91= – 2.26 + 6.91
Add 6.91 to each side
y = 4.65
Simplify
Solve the equation. Check your solution.
x + 3.8 = 5.2
a + 10.4 = – 1.17
6.29 + c = 4.01
y – 7.8 = 22.3
r – 0.88 = – 0.56
– 9.34 = t – 2.75
2.7
2.7
Decimal Operations and
Equations with Decimals
Example 4
a.)
Solving Multiplication and Division Equations
b.) n = 1.75
–8
– 0.6m = – 5.1
Solutions
a.)
b.)
– 0.6m = – 5.1
Write original equation
– 0.6m = – 5.1
– 0.6
– 0.6
Divide each side by – 0.6
m = 8.5
Simplify
n = 1.75
–8
Write original equation
( – 8) n = ( – 8) 1.75
–8
Multiply each side by – 8
n = – 14
Simplify
Solve the equation. Check your solution.
7x = 40.6
– 1.8u = 6.3
y = 0.4
11.5
– 9.1 = v
– 5.9