Transcript PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
Social
Function: to describe how something is
accomplished through a sequence of actions or
steps.
Generic Structure:
: the title shows what’s to be achieved
Goal
Materials : list of item required (not required for
all procedural texts)
: sequenced steps to achieve the goal
Steps
what to do, in time order, steps 1-n
(i.e. goal followed by a series of
steps oriented to achieving the goal)
Example:
THE HOLE GAME
 Material needed
 Two players
 One marble per person
 A hole in a ground
 A line (distance) to start from
 Method (step 1-n)
First, you must dub ( click marbles together)
you must check that the marbles are in good condition and are
Then
nearly worth the same value
Next you must dig a hole in the ground and draw a line a fair distance
away
from the hole
The first player carefully throws his or her marble toward the hole
Then the second player tries to throw his or her marble closer to the
hole than
his or her opponent
player whose marble is closest to the hole. Tries to flick his or her
The
marble into the hole. If successful, this player tries to flick his or her
opponent’s
marble into the hole
Contoh film
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Film procedure\AVSEQ01.DAT
film procedure\AVSEQ02.DAT
film procedure\AVSEQ03.DAT
film procedure\AVSEQ04.DAT
Offering something
Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Ahmad?
Should I get you a bottle of water?
Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
Would you care for some salad?
Would you like to have a pancake?
Why don’t you have some lemonade?
What can I get for you?
What will you have?
Offering help
May/Can I help you?
What can I do for you?
Would you like any help?
Is there anything I can do to help?
Would you like me to …?
Do you want me to …?
If you like, I could ….
Let me do it for you.
Shall I …?
Let me …
Need a hand …?
Accepting an offer
Yes, please.
If you don’t mind.
That would be lovely.
Thank you.
I’d like it very much.
Thank you, I would.
That would be very nice.
Declining/refusing an offer
No, thanks.
No, I really won’t, thank you.
No, it’s all right.
Not for me thanks.
No, thanks.I’m not hungry.
Thank you for offering, but ….
Action Verbs
Action Verbs is an action that need an action.
Crack
Turn
Whisk
Cook
Add
Pour
Make
etc
SENTENCE CONNECTORS
Sentence connectors are used
for telling actions in order
(showing someone how to do
something or to make things
or showing the order of
instructions)
They are:
First of all ---Then ---Next ---After that ---Finally ---Meanwhile ---Make sure you ---Be careful not to ---Remember to ---Don’t forget to ---One, two, three ---First, second, third, fourth ---Then, next, after thet, finally ----
IMPERATIVE
Imperative sentences are used to tell people
how to do things or give instructions. To do
so, start instructions with the infinitive.
e.g.
: check ….
Collect ….
Buy ….
In addition, it is also a common practice to use
sentence connectors (e.g. one, two, first,
then, next, finally, etc) in procedure.
MUST AND MUSTN’T
Must is used to say that something is
necessary to be done.
e.g. : You must go now or you will be late.
Musn’t (must not) is used to say that
something is not allowed to be done.
e.g. : She musn’t say such a thing to older
people. It is impolite.
Giving Instruction
Open the door, please!
Please close the door!
Be careful
Turn down/up the heat!
Put the plate!
Mix together then heat them in frying!
Boil uncovered/covered!
Add (to water) a cup of rice!
Turn on/off the heat!
Be quiet, will you?
Move the chair here.
Sit down, will you?
Draw a circle
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
We use the present perfect tense to express:
A recently completed action.
e.g.: He has just gone out.(He is still out)
Past actions whose time is not definite.
e.g.: I have seen it. (So I know it)
An action beginning in the past and still continuing
to the present.
e.g.: He has worked with us for more than a year.
(he still works with us)
A repeated action in the past.
e.g.: I have visited them several times.(Possibly, I
will visit them again).
Pattern
Positive statement
S + have/has + adverb* + V3(past participle) + O +
adverb*
Examples: 1. I have just written a letter for my
uncle.
2. The family has just eaten dinner.
3. My uncle has arrived.
Negative statement
S + have/has + not + V3(past participle) + O +
adverb*
Examples: 1. I have not met John before.
2. They have not done the work
yet.
3. She has not locked the door yet.
Interrogative statement
Have/has + S + adverb* + V3(past participle) + O +
adverb* + ?
Examples: 1. Have you ever gone to Bali?
2. Has Tom understood the lesson
yet?
A sentence using the present perfect tense usually
has only one adverb of time, either in the middle
or at the end of the sentence.
Adverb in the present perfect
Before the main verb:
•Already (+,?)
Already (=to say that something has happened
sooner than expected)
e.g. I’ve already posted the letter this morning.
•Just (+)
Just (=a short time ago)
e.g. I’m not hungry. I’ve just had lunch
•Ever (?)
e.g. Have you ever seen “The Matrix”?
•Never (-)
e.g. They have never had a computer.
At the end of the sentence:
Already
(+,?)
Already (=to say that something has happened sooner than expected)
e.g. I’ve already posted the letter this morning.
Yet
Recently, lately
(+)
In the last few years
Since+a particular time (+)
(-,?)
(+)
Since (=the beginning of the perion) is to say how long something
has been happening.
e.g. I haven’t seen him since Monday . (=from Monday until now)
For+duration of time
(+)
For (=the period of time) is to say how long something has been
happening.
e.g. I haven’t seen him for three days.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Talking about future
‘to be going to’ to express:
Intention (what we intend to do in the future)
e.g. I’m going to spend my holiday in Bali
A plan of an activity for near future.
e.g. I’m going to meet her tomorrow afternoon.
Something in which we see or feel evidence now
for the future.
e.g. look at the sky! It is going to rain.
It turns my stomach. I think I’m going to
be sick.
shall/will’ to express actions which we decide
to do at the moment of speaking.
Example: X: Have you done your homework?
Y: Oh, not yet. I forget, I’ll do it now
‘will be + V-ing’ to express an actions that is
planned and happens in program in the
future.
Example: At six thirty tomorrow, I’ll be getting
on the bus.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
We use simple present tense to express:
A general truth. It says that something was true
in the past, is true in the present, and will be
true in the future.
Examples:
Cheetah is the world’s fastest land animal.
The moon appears at night.
Monkeys eat bananas.
Elephants have long trunks.
Routine or repeated activities.
Examples:
•Students go to school six days a week.
•We get breakfast at 6 or 7 o’clock every morning.
•Mrs. Cahaya drives a car to her office.
One’s habit or hobby.
Example:
oNada sings before she goes to bed.
oSmall children cry if they do not see their mother.
We use bare infinitive in the
Present Tense and bare
rd
infinitive + “s/es” for the 3
person singular.
We use auxiliary verb “do” for
plural subject (“I” is
included), and “does” for 3rd
person singular.
Pattern
Verbal Sentence
(+) S + V1/V1+s/es
(- ) S + do not /does not + V1
(? ) Do/does + S + V1
Nominal Sentence
(+) S + to be + Adj/N
( -) S + to be + not + Adj/N
( ?) to be + S + Adj/N
thANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
HAVE A NICE DAY!!
SEE YOU IN THE NEXT MEETING!