Transcript Chapter I - Simponi MDP

Chapter I
Passive Voice
How to construct the passive
1. Check to see if the active sentence contains an object.
John ate an apple.
(S V O)
Passive is possible
John ate yesterday.
(S V)
Passive is not possible.
2. Move the object to the front of the sentence. Put the original
subject in a "by" phrase .
An apple (V) by John.
3. Put the verb in the form "be" +V3
An apple "be" eaten by John.
4. Put the "be" in the same tense as the original active sentence.
An apple was/were eaten by John. ( past tense)
5. Make the first verb agree with the new subject.
An apple was eaten by John.
(Put other elements of the sentence in grammatical and logical order.)
• Active
• John helps the man
S
V
O
Passive
The man is helped by John
S
V
O
• Active
• The baby sleeps well
S
V
Passive : NONE
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Simple Present
Mary helps John (A)
John is helped by Mary (P)
Present Progressive
Mary is helping John (A)
John is being helped by Mary (P)
Present Perfect
Mary has helped John (A)
John has been helped by Mary (P)
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Simple Past
Mary helped John (A)
John was helped by Mary (P)
Past Perfect
Mary had helped John (A)
John had been helped by Mary (P)
Simple Future
Mary will help John (A)
John will be helped by Mary
Chapter II
Compund Adjectives
Definition:
• Two or more words (such as part-time or highspeed) that act as a single idea to modify a noun
(a part-time employee, a high-speed chase).
• As a general rule, the words in a compound
adjective are hyphenated when they come
before a noun (a well-known actor) but not
when they come after (The actor is well known).
• Also, compound adjectives formed with an
adverb ending in -ly (such as rapidly changing)
are usually not hyphenated
We form compound adjectives by using: adjective +
noun +ed , or adjective + verb + ing combination.
• More examples:
• My mother has a kind heart. = My mother is
kind-hearted.
• John has got blue eyes. = John is blue-eyed.
• This centre forms athletes. = This centre is an
athlete-forming centre.
Solid compound adjectives
• There are some well-established permanent compound
adjectives that have become solid over a longer period,
especially in American usage: earsplitting, eyecatching, and
downtown.
• However, in British usage, these, apart from downtown, are
more likely written with a hyphen: ear-splitting, eye-catching.
• Other solid compound adjectives are for example:
• Numbers that are spelled out and have the suffix -fold added:
"fifteenfold", "sixfold".
• Points of the compass: northwest, northwester, northwesterly,
northwestwards, but not North-West Frontier. In British usage,
the hyphenated and open versions are not uncommon: northwester, north-westerly, north westerly, north-westwards.
Chapter III: Clauses
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive
• 1. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses Defined. Restrictive clauses limit
the possible meaning of a preceding subject. Nonrestrictive clauses tell
you something about a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or
restrict, the meaning of that subject. Compare the following examples.
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• Correct Restrictive Use:
• The suspect in the lineup who has red hair committed the crime.
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Note how the subject "suspect" in this sentence is restricted in two ways:
we know that this suspect is both in the lineup and has red hair. As a
result, we know that the other suspects, who are not in the lineup, could
not have committed the crime. Moreover, of those suspects in the lineup,
we know that the one suspect in the lineup with red hair committed the
crime. If there were more than one suspect in the lineup with red hair, the
above usage would be incorrect because it implies a different meaning.
• Correct Nonrestrictive Use:
• The suspect in the lineup, who owns a red car, committed the crime.
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In this example, the restrictive clause "in the lineup" tells us that of all
possible suspects in the world, the one who committed the crime is in the
lineup. However, while the nonrestrictive clause "who owns a red car" tells
us something about the suspect, it does not foreclose the possibility that
there are several different suspects in the lineup with red cars. The car
color may tell us something useful, but it does not restrict us to only one
possibility.
• 2. When choosing between "that" and "which," use "that" to introduce a
restrictive clause and "which" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause.
Although some writers use "which" to introduce a restrictive clause, the
traditional practice is to use "that" to introduce a restrictive clause and
"which" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause. When writing a restrictive
clause, do not place a comma before "that." When writing a nonrestrictive
clause, do place a comma before "which."
• Correct Restrictive Use:
• The store honored the complaints that were less than 60 days old.
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Correct Nonrestrictive Use:
• The store honored the complaints, which were less than 60 days
old.
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These sentences have different meanings as well as different
punctuation. In the restrictive sentence, the store honored only
those complaints less than 60 days old, but not those over 60 days
old. In the nonrestrictive sentence, the store honored all the
complaints, all of which were less than 60 days old.
• 3. Place proper punctuation around nonrestrictive clauses, but do
not place punctuation around restrictive clauses. When a
nonrestrictive clause appears in the middle of a sentence, place
commas around it. When a nonrestrictive clause appears at the end
of a sentence, place a comma before it and a period after it. Do not
punctuate restrictive clauses.
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• Correct Punctuation of Nonrestrictive Clause:
• The 1964 Ford Mustang, which propelled Lee Iacocca to the top of
the automobile industry, is now considered a classic.
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Correct Punctuation of Nonrestrictive Clause:
• The credit card is in my wallet, which you can find in the kitchen
drawer.
• Correct Punctuation of Restrictive Clause:
• The boat that sailed on October 25 is the one
to which we referred in the contract.
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Chapter 6: Describing function;
Gerund and Infinitives
• Gerunds are defined as the -ing form of a verb. They have
several functions.
1. Used as subjects and complements
Skiing is my favorite sport.
Hiking can be very strenuous.
Seeing is believing
2. Used as objects following prepositions and prepositional
expressions
Thanks for tending my children.
The job consists of typing, filing, and answering the phone.
3. Used as objects following certain verbs*.
The children enjoyed watching the parade.
Ms. Terrell avoided paying her taxes until it was too late.
• Gerunds can sometimes take objects of their
own:
• Roland is afraid of making mistakes.
• Sandy is considering leaving New York.
Verbs are commonly followed by gerunds
admit
begin
discuss
hate
love
practice
regret
stop
avoid
deny
advise
can't help
dislike
hesitate
mention
prefer
remember
suggest
go
like
postpone
anticipate
complete
enjoy
imagine
mind
quit
resent
threaten
recommend
start
understand
appreciate
consider
finish
intend
miss
recall
resist
tolerate
attempt
delay
forget
keep
neglect
recollect
risk
try
• I stopped smoking (meaning “I no longer smoke”)
• He stopped to light his pipe (meaning”He stopped
doing something else in order to light his pipe”)
• **Notice that the verb phrase, can’t help (eaning “can’t
prevent” or can’t stop”) is used with gerund.
• His jokes are so funny that I can’t help laughing at
them
• I couldn’t help overhearing your comment
• ***The verb go is followed by the –ing form of many
“activity verbs”: go shopping, go dancing, go skiing, go
bowling and others
Infinitives
Infinitives are defined as to + base form of the verb. They have
several functions.
1. Used as subjects and subject complements.
To know me is to love me.
To live in Hawaii is my lifetime dream.
2. Used as objects following certain verbs*.
I wanted to tell you how much I appreciated your gift.
He hesitated to ask the embarrassing question.
3. Used as a shortened form of in order to.
You must take this medicine (in order) to get well.
I went to the bank to cash a check.
• Infinitives can sometimes take objects of their
own.
• We hope to find the person who did this.
• I was asked to make a dessert for the potluck
dinner.
Verbs commony followed by Infinitives
afford
beg
decide
forget
intend
mean
prepare
seem
threaten
agree
begin
demand
go
know how
need
pretend
start
try
appear
care
deserve
happen
learn
neglect
promise
stop
volunteer
arrange
choose
desire
hate
like
offer
refuse
struggle
wait
ask
claim
expect
hesitate
love
plan
regret
swear
want
attempt
consent
fail
hope
manage
prefer
remember
tend
wish
Chapter 7:
Comparative and Superlative
The Comparative Form for Adjectives
One-syllable words
two-syllable words
ending in y
two syllables or more
ending in y
add er
drop the y and add ier
use more / don't add er
big bigger
noisy noisier
dangerous more dangerous
old older
busy busier
expensive more expensive
nice nicer
crazy crazier
comfortable more comfortable
young younger
lazy lazier
humid more humid
fast faster
funny funnier
tired more tired
cheap cheaper
dry drier
acceptable more acceptable
not
• There are some exceptions: good, bad, far,
and fun are adjectives that don't follow the
rules when making the comparative form.
good - better
Bad - worse
Far - farther
fun - more fun
• Never use two comparatives together on an
adjective:
• more cheaper
• more noisier
• more older
The Superlative Form; (differences in 3
+ things or 3 + people)
One-syllable words
two syllable words
ending in y
two syllables or more
ending in y
add est
drop the y and ad iest
use most / don't add est
big biggest
noisy noisiest
dangerous most dangerous
old oldest
busy busiest
expensive most expensive
nicer nicest
crazy craziest
comfortable most comfortable
young youngest
lazy laziest
humid most humid
fast fastest
funny funniest
tired most tired
cheap cheapest
dry driest
acceptable most acceptable
not
• There are some exceptions: good, bad, far,
and fun are adjectives that don't follow the
rules when making the comparative form.
good - best
bad - worst
far - farthest
fun - most fun
• Never use two superlatives together on an
adjective:
• most cheapest
• most noisiest
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• It's often necessary to use "the" in front of the
superlative:
Comparative Adverbs
• Adverbs in the comparative form describe verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs.
• Adverbs usually end in "ly"
• Making the comparative form for adverbs is not as easy
as making the comparative form for adjectives.
Remember, most adverbs end in "ly," so most adverbs
are two-syllable words; therefore, you will usually use
"more" in front of the adverb to make the comparison.
• Many Americans ignore the rules for comparative
adverbs, but you should still learn how to use them
properly.
• so most adverbs are two-syllable words;
therefore, you will usually use "more" in front
of the adverb to make the comparison.
• Many Americans ignore the rules for
comparative adverbs, but you should still
learn how to use them properly.
• A subway train can get you through the city
more quickly than a bus.
• ("more quickly" describes the verb "get."
"Get" is a verb.)
• A laptop computer allows her to do her work
more efficiently.
Superlative Adverbs
• Adverbs in the superlative form describe
verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
• Adverbs usually end in "ly"
• Making the superlative form for adverbs is
even more difficult than the comparative
form. Many Americans avoid doing it, so you
might not hear it used very often.
Example:
• He rides his bike most frequently in the
morning.
• She is most likely to become a doctor after she
finishes med school.
• Birds sing most beautifully in the morning.
Some adverbs don't use "ly" endings.
For these words, just add "est."
• They play well together, but they play best
when they're under pressure.
• They perform the worst on the field when
they don't practice.
• John is the hardest working player on the
team.
• Burt runs the fastest, so he's a wide receiver.
Chapter 8: Imperatives
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An imperative sentence gives a direct command to someone -thitype of sentence can end either with a period or with an
exclamation mark, depending on how forceful the command is:
Sit!
Read this book for tomorrow.
You should not usually use an exclamation mark with the word
"please":
Wash the windows!
Please wash the windows.
Normally, you should not use imperative sentences in academic
writing. When you do use an imperative sentence, it should usually
contain only a mild command, and thus, end with a period:
• Consider the Incas.
Making and responding to a request
Making and responding to a request
• It's important to be polite when you ask for something.
• You can make a request by using:
• can you ...?
• could you ...?
• will you ...?
• would you mind ...?
Here are some examples of how to make a request..
• Can you
Will you
Could you possibly
• open the door for me, please?
• would you mind
• opening the door for me ?
Making Request:
• Can you show me your photo album, please?
• Will you lend me your book, please?
• Could you possibly show me the way to the post office, please?
• Would you help me with this exercise, please?
• Would you mind lending me your pen, please?
Responding to request:
• Sure here you are.
• Okey.
• No, I'm sorry I need it
• I'm afraid I can't.
Things to remember about making a request:
1. "Would you mind..." is followed by a gerund (verb+ing)
Example:"Would you mind lending me your book? "
2. The response the following request:
A: "Would you mind giving me your book? "
is either
"No, I don't mind."(which is a positive response to the
request. It means that I accept to lend you my book)
or "Yes." (which is a negative response to the request. It
means that I don't want to lend you my book.)
3. Could is more polite than can.
Chapter 10: Noun Phrase
• A noun phrase is a group of words that does the work
of a noun.
• Study the following sentences
I want something.
I want to go home.
• In sentence 1, the word something is a noun and is the
object of the verb want. In sentence 2, the group of
words to go home is the object of the verb want and
hence it does the work of a noun. The group of words
‘to go home’ is therefore a noun phrase.
More examples of noun phrases are given below:
• I enjoy playing tennis.
Did you enjoy reading this book?
He hopes to win the first prize.
He refused to answer the question.
I promise to come again.
I hate having to punish my servants.
The wicked vizier loves getting people into trouble.
Horses prefer living in dark stables.
I should hate to do such a thing.
He denied stealing the money
• Exercise
Complete the following sentences by supplying
suitable noun phrases.
• 1. I want ————2. I don’t expect ————3. We all hope ————–
4. ————- surprised me.
5. Do you wish ————-?
6. My father hates —————7. ————– gives me no pleasure.