Transcript Slide 1 - jfarb.com

JAPANESE GRAMMAR REVIEW CARD
Conjugating Verbs – Different grammars require different bases
Base
ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ(anynon-ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝor
non-irregularverbs)
ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝ(verbsthatendin-ｲﾙ/-ｴﾙ)
ｽﾙ
ｸﾙ
“ｱ”sound*
ｼ
ｺ
“ｲ”sound
ｼ
ｷ
“ｳ”sound
ｽﾙ
ｸﾙ
ﾚ
“ｴ”sound
ｽﾚ
ｸﾚ
ﾖｳ
“ｵｳ”sound
ｼﾖｳ
ｺﾖｳ
ｼﾃ
ｷﾃ
ｼﾀ
ｷﾀ
I
-
I
-
II
IV
V
stem+
(verbminusfinalsyllable)
ﾙ
stem+
(verbminus
-ﾙ)
ﾃ
ﾃ
ﾀ
ﾀ
*BIofdipthongisﾜ(ｱ→ﾜ)
Seesongbelow
Some Japanese Parts of Speech
Verb (V) – Does an action. Ends a sentence. Can be
conjugated.
ｲ Adjective (IA) – Adjectives that end in ｱｲ/ｲｲ/ｳｲ/ｵｲ (not ｴ
ｲ). Can act as adjectives or adverbs. Behaves similarly to
verbs. Can be conjugated.
ﾅ Adjective (NA) – All other adjective. Can act as adjectives
or adverbs. Behaves similarly to nouns. Does not conjugate.
Noun (N) – Person, place, thing, or idea. Does not conjugate.
Bﾃ, Bﾀ song for ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ verbs
(sung to the tune of Silver Bells)
“ｳ, ﾂ, ﾙ … ｯﾃ,
ﾌﾞ, ﾑ, ﾇ … ﾝﾃﾞ,
ｸ … ｲﾃ, ｸﾞ … ｲﾃﾞ,
ｽ … ｼﾃ, are the ﾃ and ﾀ bases…
ｳ, ﾂ, ﾙ … ｯﾀ,
ﾌﾞ, ﾑ, ﾇ … ﾝﾀﾞ,
ｸ … ｲﾀ, ｸﾞ … ｲﾀﾞ,
ｽ … ｼﾀ, are the ﾃ and ﾀ bases…”
SomeｺﾞﾀﾞﾝV.looklikeｲﾁﾀﾞﾝV.
ﾊｼﾙ(run)
ｷﾙ(cut)
ｶｴﾙ(return)
ｼﾙ(know)
ｼｬﾍﾞﾙ(speak)
ﾊｲﾙ(enter)
ｹﾙ(kick)
Japanese sounds
The only vowels that exist in
Japanese are the following five:
｢ｱ｣ “a” (as in awesome)
｢ｲ｣ “i” (as in east)
｢ｳ｣ “u” (as in oops)
｢ｴ｣ “e” (as in ever)
｢ｵ｣ “o” (as in open)
Particles: Particles mark parts of speech and other functions in a Japanese sentence. They usually come AFTER NOUNS
ﾊ = subject marker
ｶﾞ = secondary subject marker
ﾉ = noun linker/possessive
ﾔ = “and” (etc implied)
ﾄ = “and” (exhaustive list)
ﾄ = “__”, quote marker
ﾄ = together, with
ﾃﾞ = method marker
ﾃﾞ = place of action
ﾆ = place of existence
Numbers
1 = ｲﾁ 一
2=ﾆ二
3 = ｻﾝ 三
4 = ｼ/ﾖﾝ 四
5 = ｺﾞ 五
6 = ﾛｸ 六
7 = ｼﾁ/ﾅﾅ 七
8 = ﾊﾁ 八
9 = ｷｭｳ 九
10 = ｼﾞｭｳ 十
100 = ﾋｬｸ 百
1000 = ｾﾝ 千
10000 = ﾏﾝ 万
Days of the Week
Monday – ｹﾞﾂ曜日
Tuesday – ｶ曜日
Wednesday – ｽｲ曜
日
Thursday – ﾓｸ曜日
Friday – ｷﾝ曜日
Saturday – ﾄﾞ曜日
Sunday – ﾆﾁ曜日
ﾆ = time marker
ﾆ = direction marker, “to”
ﾍ = general direction
ｶﾗ = “from”
ﾏﾃﾞ = “until”
ｦ = object marker
ｶ = “or”
ﾓ = “also”
N ﾆ ﾂｲﾃ = about N.
N ﾄｼﾃ = as a N.
General Counter
1 = ﾋﾄﾂ
2 = ﾌﾀﾂ
3 = ﾐｯﾂ
4 = ﾖｯﾂ
5 = ｲﾂﾂ
6 = ﾑｯﾂ
7 = ﾅﾅﾂ
8 = ﾔｯﾂ
9 = ｺｺﾉﾂ
10 = ﾄｳ
Other Common Counters
1 person = ﾋﾄﾘ
2 people = ﾌﾀﾘ
3+ people = # + ﾆﾝ
Flat objects = # + ﾏｲ
Books = # + ｻﾂ
Small objects = # + ｺ
Cylindrical objects = # + ﾎﾝ
Days of month
1st = ﾂｲﾀﾁ
2nd = ﾌﾂｶ
3rd = ﾐｯｶ
4th = ﾖｯｶ
5th = ｲﾂｶ
6th = ﾑｲｶ
7th = ﾅﾉｶ
8th = ﾖｳｶ
9th = ｺｺﾉｶ
10th = ﾄｳｶ
20th = ﾊﾂｶ
14th = ｼﾞｭｳﾖｯｶ
24th = ﾆｼﾞｭｳﾖｯｶ
All others = # + ﾆﾁ
Months = # + ｶﾞﾂ
Year = # + ﾈﾝ
N ｦ ﾄｵｼﾃ = through N.
N ﾆ ﾖｯﾃ = through N.
ﾄﾊ = definition marker
ﾆﾊ = within
ﾆﾓ = in also
ﾖﾘ = than (comparison)
Ending particles
ﾖ = exclamation, affirmation
ﾈ = agreement
ｶ = question marker
Watch your particles!
N ﾆ ｼﾀｶﾞｳ = follow N.
N ﾆ ｺﾀｴﾙ = answer to N.
N ﾆ ｱｳ = meet N.
N ﾆ ﾅﾙ = become N.
N ﾆ ｽﾑ = live in N.
N ﾆ ﾊｲﾙ = enter N.
N ｦ ｷｸ = listen to N.
N ﾆ ｷｸ = ask N.
N ﾆ ｵｼｴﾙ = teach N.
Time Words
ｵﾄﾄｲ = day before yesterday
ｷﾉｳ = yesterday
ｷｮｳ = today
ｱｼﾀ = tomorrow
ｱｻｯﾃ = day after tomorrow
ｾﾝｾﾝｼｭｳ = week before last
ｾﾝｼｭｳ = last week
ｺﾝｼｭｳ = this week
ﾗｲｼｭｳ = next week
ｻﾗｲｼｭｳ = week after next
ｾﾝｾﾝｹﾞﾂ = month before last
ｾﾝｹﾞﾂ = last month
ｺﾝｹﾞﾂ = this month
ﾗｲｹﾞﾂ = next month
ｻﾗｲｹﾞﾂ = month after next
ｵﾄﾄｼ = year before last
ｷｮﾈﾝ = last year
ｺﾄｼ = this year
ﾗｲﾈﾝ = next year
ｻﾗｲﾈﾝ = year after next
Existence Verbs
ｲﾙ = exist (animate)
ｱﾙ = exist (inanimate)
P.F. of ｱﾙ
ｱﾙ
ﾅｲ
ｱｯﾀ
ﾅｶｯﾀ
Nﾆｱﾙ/ｲﾙ = to be in N.
Nｶﾞｱﾙ/ｲﾙ = to have N.
Time
# + ｼﾞ = hours
# + ﾌﾝ = minutes
ﾊﾝ= half past(2:30 ﾆｼﾞﾊﾝ)
ｺﾞｾﾞﾝ = a.m.
ｺﾞｺﾞ = p.m.
3:05pm= ｺﾞｺﾞｻﾝｼﾞｺﾞﾌﾝ
ﾏｲﾆﾁ = every day
ﾏｲｼｭｳ = every week
ﾏｲﾂｷ = every month
ﾏｲﾄｼ = every year
Grammar Patterns – Many patterns apply to more parts of speech than are included here. Refer to a text book for variations.
BI + ﾅｲ ﾃﾞｸﾀﾞｻｲ = please do not verb
BI + ﾅｲ ﾂﾓﾘ = intend not to verb
BI + ﾅｲ ﾖｳﾆ = so that you won’t verb
BI + ﾅｹﾚﾊﾞ ﾅﾗﾅｲ/ｲｹﾅｲ = must verb
BI + ﾅｸﾃ ﾊ ﾅﾗﾅｲ/ｲｹﾅｲ = must verb
BI + ﾅｸﾃ ﾓ = even if you don’t verb
BI + ﾅｸﾃ ﾓ ｲｲ = okay if you don’t verb
BI + ﾗﾚﾙ = can verb (ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝ, ｦ→ｶﾞ)
BI + ﾗﾚﾙ = passive form (ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝ)
BI + ﾚﾙ = passive form (ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ)
BI + ｻｾﾙ = causative (ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝ)
BI + ｾﾙ = causative (ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ)
BI + ｽﾞ ﾆ = without verbing
BI + ﾅｲﾃﾞ = without verbing
BI + ﾛ = plain command form (ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝ)
BII + ﾊｼﾞﾒﾙ = start verbing
BII + ｵﾜﾙ = finish verbing
BII + ｶﾀ = way of verbing
BII + ﾏｼｮｳ = let’s verb
BII + ﾏｽ box (see below)
BII + ﾅｶﾞﾗ = while verbing
BII + ﾅｻｲ = command form
BII + ﾆｸｲ = verbing is difficult
BII + ﾔｽｲ = verbing is easy
BII + ｿｳ = seems like s.o./s.t. is going to verb
BII + ｽｷﾞﾙ = verb too much
BII + ﾀｲ = want to verb
BII + ﾂﾂﾞｹﾙ = continue to verb
ｵ + BII + ｸﾀﾞｻｲ = (honorific) please verb
ｵ + BII + ﾆ ﾅﾙ = (honorific) to verb
ｵ + BII + ｽﾙ = (humble) to verb
BIII + ﾎｳ ｶﾞ ｲｲ = it is better to verb
BIII + ｶｷﾞﾘ = to the extent that you can verb
BIII + ｺﾄ ｶﾞ ﾃﾞｷﾙ = can verb
BIII + ﾏｴ ﾆ = before verbing
BIII + ﾅ = negative command form (don’t verb)
BIII + ﾀﾋﾞ ﾆ = every time I verb
BIII + ﾀﾒ ﾆ = in order to verb
BIII + ﾖｳﾆ = so that you verb
BIII + ﾂﾓﾘ = intend to verb
BIV = command form (ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ)
BIV + ﾊﾞ = if you verb
BIV + ﾙ = can verb (ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ, ｦ→ｶﾞ)
BV = volitional form, plain form of let’s verb
BV + ﾄ ｽﾙ = try to verb
Bﾃ … Bﾃ / BII … BII = and for verbs/phrases
Bﾃ of ﾃﾞｽ = ﾃﾞ
Bﾃ + ｲﾙ = currently verbing
Bﾃ + ｲﾙ = state of having verbed
Bﾃ + ﾊﾞｶﾘ ｽﾙ = do nothing but verb
Bﾃ + ﾎｼｲ = want s.o. else to verb
Bﾃ + ｱｹﾞﾙ = verb (as a favor) for s.o. else
Bﾃ + ｲﾀﾀﾞｹﾏｾﾝｶ? = invitation, won’t you please
verb?
Bﾃ + ｲﾀﾀﾞｸ = to receive (a favor) of s.o. verbing
Bﾃ + ｸﾀﾞｻｲﾏｾﾝｶ? = invitation, won’t you please
verb?
Bﾃ + ｸﾀﾞｻﾙ = verb (as a favor) for s.o. else
(receiver’s perspective)
Bﾃ + ﾐﾙ = try out verbing (literally verb and see
what happens)
Bﾃ + ﾓ = even if you verb
Bﾃ + ﾓ ｲｲ = you may verb
Bﾃ + ｼﾏｳ = completely verb or unfortunately
Bﾃ + ﾊ ﾅﾗﾅｲ/ｲｹﾅｲ = must not verb
Bﾀ + ｱﾄ ﾃﾞ = after verbing
Bﾀ + ﾊﾞｶﾘ = have just verbed
Bﾀ + ﾎｳ ｶﾞ ｲｲ = should verb (strong)
Bﾀ + ｺﾄ ｶﾞ ｱﾙ = have verbed before
Bﾀ + ﾗ = if and when you verb
ﾏｽ Box
+
-
N/NA
+
-
Presen
t
BII + ﾏｽ
BII + ﾏｾﾝ
Presen
t
ﾃﾞｽ
ﾃﾞﾊ ｱﾘﾏｾﾝ
Past
BII + ﾏｼﾀ
BII + ﾏｾﾝ
ﾃﾞｼﾀ
Past
ﾃﾞｼﾀ
ﾃﾞﾊ ｱﾘﾏｾﾝ
ﾃﾞｼﾀ
PF ﾃﾞｽ Box
PF Verb Box
V
+
-
Presen
t
BIII
BI + ﾅｲ
BTA
To make IA polite, add ﾃﾞｽ.
You cannot conjugate this ﾃﾞｽ.
You must conjugate the IA.
ﾃﾞｽ Box
V
Past
Bﾀ + ﾘ … Bﾀ + ﾘ ｽﾙ = do things like … and …
NA + ﾅ + noun = adjective modifying noun
NA + ﾆ + verb = adverb modifying verb
IA stem + ｹﾚﾊﾞ = if IA
IA stem + ｸ + verb = adverb modifying verb
IA stem + ｸ = BII of IA
IA stem + ｸﾃ = Bﾃ of IA
N + ﾀﾞｹ = only N
N + ｼｶ = except for N (end with negative)
N + ｶﾞ ﾋﾂﾖｳ = need N
N+ ｶﾞ ﾎｼｲ = want N
N1 ﾖﾘ N2 + ﾉ ﾎｳ ｶﾞ NA/IA = N2 is more NA/IA
than N1
N + ﾉ ｵｶｹﾞ ﾃﾞ = thanks to N
N + ﾉ ｾｲ ﾃﾞ = as a fault of N / because of N
N1 + ﾉ ﾖｳﾅ N2 = N2 like a N1
N + ﾉ ﾖｳﾆ V = V like N
N1 + ﾄ ｲｳ N2 = N2 called “N1”
PF + ｿｳ = hearsay (I hear s.o./s.t. PF)
PF + ﾍﾞｷ = should PF (no past tense)
PF + ﾃﾞｼｮｳ = probably PF, affirmation
PF + ｶﾓｼﾚﾅｲ = probably PF
PF + ﾆ ﾁｶﾞｲ ﾅｲ = PF without a doubt
PF + ﾊｽﾞ = supposed/expected to PF
PF + ﾎﾄﾞ = to the extent you PF
PF + ｶ ﾄﾞｳ ｶ = whether or not you PF
PF + ｶﾗ = because PF (emphasis on reason)
PF + ﾉﾃﾞ = because PF (emphasis on outcome)
PF + ｺﾄ = nominalized PF/phrase
PF + ﾅﾗ = if PF
PF + ﾄｷ ﾆ = when you PF
PF + ﾄ ｵﾓｳ = I think that PF/phrase
PF + ﾉﾆ = despite, even though you PF
PF + N = N that PFs (eg. ｵﾖｸﾞ ﾋﾄ = the person
that swims)
Two reasons for plain form:
1. Grammar calls for it
2. Conversations where plain form
3. is appropriate.
PF IA Box
N/NA
+
-
IA
+
-
Presen
t
ﾃﾞ ｱﾙ / ﾀﾞ
ﾃﾞﾊ ﾅｲ /
ｼﾞｬ ﾅｲ
Present
stem + ｲ
stem + ｸﾅｲ
stem + ｶｯﾀ
stem + ｸﾅｶｯﾀ
ﾃﾞ ｱｯﾀ /
ﾀﾞｯﾀ
ﾃﾞﾊ ﾅｶｯﾀ /
ｼﾞｬ ﾅｶｯﾀ
BI + ﾅｶｯﾀ
Past
Past
Numeral
s-/sh-/t-/chsounds
h- sounds
f- sounds
p-/k- sounds
wa- sounds
1
iss-/itt- (ｲｯX)
ipp- (ｲｯX゜)
ipp- (ｲｯX゜)
ipp-/ikk- (ｲｯX)
3 (1000/10000/何)
#b- (#X゛)
#p- (#X゜)
6
ropp- (ﾛｯX゜)
ropp- (ﾛｯX゜)
ropp-/rokk- (ﾛｯX)
roppa- (ﾛｯﾊﾟ)
sanba- (ｻﾝ
ﾊﾞ)
8
hass-/hatt- (ﾊｯX)
happ- (ﾊｯX゜)
happ- (ﾊｯX゜)
happ-/hakk- (ﾊｯX)
happa- (ﾊｯﾊﾟ)
10
juss-/jutt- (ｼﾞｭｯX)
jupp- (ｼﾞｭｯX゜)
jupp- (ｼﾞｭｯX゜)
jupp-/jukk- (ｼﾞｭｯX)
jippa- (ｼﾞｯﾊﾟ)
Exceptions:
4月&7月→ｼｶﾞﾂ&ｼﾁｶﾞﾂ
3千&何千→ｻﾝｾﾞﾝ&ﾅﾝｾﾞﾝ
4→ﾖ for 人 / 時 / 時間
7→ｼﾁ for人 / 時 / 時間
9→ｸ for 月 / 時 / 時間