Transcript Words and Parts of Speech

WORDS AND PARTS OF SPEECH

Morphology : The study of the structure of words.
The component of the grammar that includes the
rules of word formation.
The Basic Structure of Words
 free morphemes



independent words
bound morphemes

combined with other morphemes in order to be used
as free-standing words.
FREE MORPHEMES

noun


namu ‘tree’, salang ‘love’, na ‘I’, and tases ‘five’
adverb

acwu ‘very’, cokum ‘a little’, and kyewu ‘almost’.
 BOUND


MORPHEMES
verb and adjective stems are all bound morphemes.
Stems


mek- ‘eat’ and phulu- ‘blue’ cannot function independently as
words, but must necessarily be combined with suffixes, as in mekni, mek-ko, phulu-ta, phulu-myen, to function as words.
PARTICLES

grammatical elements that show the syntactic
role of the noun phrase or add to its meaning.
 They
are not free-standing words
 철수가 밥을 먹었다.
깨끗-하-니

INFLECTED WORD


STEM
깨끗
하
니
 ROOT
STEM
 ROOT AND STEM, CALLED BASE INTEGRATEDLY

AFFIX

derivational affixes
 used

to generate words
inflectional affixes
 the
inflectional endings attached to verbs,
adjectives, and the copula
Affix ----- prefix and sufix
 Prefix

 They
never change the part of speech of the word,
but function only to limit its meaning.

suffix
 Not only are they greater in number and
type, but they also function far beyond
simply limiting the meaning.
PARTS OF SPEECH
nouns, pronouns, numbers, verbs, adjectives,
prenouns, adverbs, interjections, particles.
 NOUNS
 Nouns are generally marked by case particles.
These postposed case particles express the
grammatical functions of the nouns.

Nouns also function as the sentence predicate
by linking up with ita, the copula.
 Swuminun haksayngita ‘(Sumi) is (a student)


Another characteristic of nouns is that they
are modi¤ed by prenouns, such as
 ‘say
cikcang ‘new workplace’, yele nala ‘various
countries’, i kapang ‘this briefcase’
Nouns can be formed by attaching –um or -ki to
verb or adjective.
 웃 + 음 웃+기

Bound Nouns
 do not appear independently in the sentence but
must instead be preceded by a modifier. These are
the bound nouns such as kes, i, pun, tey, cwul,
swu, ttay, mun, ttalum, ppun, kim, and li.
 On
the basis of form and function, it is clear that
these words are nouns because they are modified
by prenouns and followed by postposed particles.
 what they refer to is abstract, generalized, and
unspecified.
CLASSIFIER

a word that is suffixed to numerals when
counting.
NUMBER
the grammatical category of “number” does not
exist in Korean.
 Sakwa lul han kay mekessta

 사과를

Sakwa lul tases kay mekessta
 사과를

한 개 먹었다.
다섯 개 먹었다.
Musun chayk ul kuleh.key manh.i sassni?
 무슨
책(들)을 그렇게 많이 샀니?
GENDER
There is also no grammatical category of
“gender” in Korean
 sakwa ‘apple’ or chayk ‘book’ or Han kang
‘the Han River’
 not masculine, feminine or neuter.

PROPER NOUNS
Korean personal names are constructed
 in the order of surname first, followed by the
given name. Surnames almost all consist of
one syllable, and given names are almost all
made up of two syllables.
 But b, c and d are exception

ADDRESS

Kangwen-to Kanglung-si Yongkang-tong
213-penci‘
 Kangwon
Province, Kangnung City, Yonggang
Tong (district), Number 213’.
 강원도 강릉시 용강동 213번지
TIME
 1965-nyen 5-wel 4-il ocen 6-si 20-pun
 1965년 5월 4일 오전 6시 20분

 units
are ordered from large to small
PRONOUNS
They have the syntactic characteristics of
nouns; their grammatical functions are
specified by postposed particles, and they
are modified by prenouns.
 First, the most representative pronouns
found in Korean are given in the following list.

When referring to family or household, the
plural form wuli ‘our’ is used instead of the
singular form na uy/nay ‘my’: wuli apeci ‘our
(=my) father’, wuli enni ‘our (=my) older
sister’, wuli cip ‘our (my)
 home’, or even wuli manwula ‘our (=my) wife’.


The forms used to denote third-person are not
separate lexical items,
 but
rather are formed by combining the
demonstrative prenouns i ‘this’, ku ‘that’ and ce
‘that (over there)’ with bound nouns.
 The deictic use of (1) i, (2) ku, and (3) ce depends
on the distance between the referent and the
speaker; they indicate, respectively, (1) close
proximity, (2) middle proximity, and (3) distant
proximity

Pronouns such as amu ‘any’, nwukwu ‘who’,
mues ‘what’, and enu kes ‘which’. These
words serve as both question words and
indefinite pronouns.
NUMERALS

There are two parallel sets of Korean
numerals: one of native origin, and one of
Chinese origin.
THE TWO KOREAN NUMERAL SYSTEMS DIFFER
IN A NUMBER OF WAYS
First, there is a difference in the way ordinals
are formed.
 The native ordinals are formed with the suffix
-ccay, as in twul-ccay ‘second’ and seys-ccay
‘third’.

exception is hana ‘one’ because the ordinal
‘first’ is not hana-ccay (or hanccay), but rather
the special form ches-ccay.
 The
From the ten units on, however,
 han is used instead of ches-, and twu is used
for ‘two’ instead of twul—as in yelhan-ccay
‘eleventh’, yel twu-ccay ‘twelfth’, sumul hanccay ‘twenty-first’, and sumul twu-ccay
‘twenty-second’.
 In contrast with this native system,
 the Sino-Korean ordinals are expressed by
attaching the prefix cey- to the basic
numeral, as in cey-il ‘first’, cey-i ‘second’,
cey-sip.o ‘fifteenth’.

sakwa twu-kay ‘2 apples’
 yetun-twul ‘82’, phalsip twul

SINO-KOREAN NUMERALS AND NATIVE
NUMERALS ARE ALSO DIFFERENTIATED
BY THEIR CONCORD WITH CLASSI¤ERS.
THERE ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT
PATTERNS FOR KOREAN NUMBER
CONSTRUCTIONS.
VERBS AND ADJECTIVES








Verbs and adjectives function as predicates
verbs and adjectives always
appear with inflectional endings.
Korean endings can be divided into final endings and
prefinal endings.
-uni, -ko and -ta, -ni are
final endings; among these, -ta and -ni end the
sentence, while -uni and -ko
do not. The forms -keyss- and -si- are pre¤nal
endings since they must necessarily
be followed by another ending.
PREFINAL ENDINGS INDICATE TENSE AND
SUBJECT HONORIFICATION.
In the above examples,
 the prefinal endings -keyss- and -ass/essspecify the tense (or aspect),
 and -si- functions to honor the subject.

SENTENCE-FINAL ENDINGS
FUNCTION

to show the speech style appropriate in the
honorific system for the listener, and to show
the sentence type.
COPULA
The inflecting forms of Korean also include the
copula , a form used to predicate nouns.
 The stem of the Korean copula is i-.

 unlike
verbs and adjectives, the copula cannot be
used independently, but must rather be combined
with nouns like a particle.
 Instead of processive endings like those of verbs (nta and -nun), the copula takes only nonprocessive
endings like those of adjectives.
when the copula stem i- combines with the past
marker -ess-, as in (8b), the resulting form iesscontracts to yess-.
 Even more idiosyncratic is the fact that
following the copula stem i- the ending
 -ta becomes -la, as in (9). In (10), the copula
combines with preceding particles.

NEGATIVE FORM OF COPULA ‘i’
PRENOUNS AND ADVERBS

Prenouns are parts of speech that do not
change in form.
 They
do not take case particles or inflectional
endings
 They have the function of modifying a following
noun or noun phrase.

Adverbs are like prenouns in that they do not
inflect and function to modify the word that
follows.
CONJUNCTIONAL ADVERBS

words that link logically a following sentence
with a preceding sentence.
 These
conjunctional adverbs include such words as
kuliko ‘moreover’, kulena ‘however’, kulentey
‘nevertheless’, kulemyen ‘thus’, kulemulo
‘therefore’, ttalase ‘accordingly’, tto ‘also’, hok.un
‘otherwise’, ohilye ‘rather’, and tekwuna
‘furthermore’

In defining prenouns and adverbs, we have
said that they have no morphological variation.
Their sole function is to modify the words that
follow.
 However,
there are also other parts of speech that
modify words the same way. In the following
examples, verbs and adjectives behave just like
prenouns and adverbs: