Transcript Syntax-F08.pps

Syntax
Word patterns
English 306A; Harris
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Post & postPost haste
Post hoc
“Post the Geneva
meeting of Opec
the OECD reckons
that its 24 member
countries…”
postpartum
Postmodern
Postposition
post-apartheid
Post-game
English 306A; Harris
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Post & postS
AvpP
NP
NP
AdvDet
NP
N
VP
N Aux
V
Post the election Frink was depressed
English 306A; Harris
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Post & postS
NP
N
VP
V
A
NP
AP
NP
A
N
Af
N
postpartum
Marge has postpartum depression
English 306A; Harris
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Post & post-
Adv
A
Af
post
N
postpartum
English 306A; Harris
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Arguments and roles
Argument: a phrase
governed by a predicate
(verb).
Grammatical role: the
grammatical job
arguments assume.
Semantic role: the
conceptual job arguments
assume.
English 306A; Harris
Semasiological
(concern form)
Onomasiological
(concern meaning)
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Linear Sequence
English basic sentence patterns (p.89)
V1
V2
V3
VCOP
VCOMP
VT-COMP
1 argument
Intransitive
2 arguments
Transitive
3 arguments
Ditransitive
Copulative
2 arguments (1= complement)
Complement 2 argument (1=complement)
Transitive-complement 3 arguments
(1=complement)
English 306A; Harris
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Sentences
Homer preens.
Homer loves his blanket.
Homer eats.
Homer eats crap.
The fat bald guy eats crap.
The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of arteryhardening crap.
The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.
English 306A; Harris
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Verbs
Homer preens.
Homer loves his blanket.
Homer eats.
Homer eats crap.
The fat bald guy eats crap.
The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of arteryhardening crap.
The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone .
English 306A; Harris
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Arguments
Homer preens. V1
Homer loves his blanket. V2
Homer eats. V1
Homer eats crap. V2
The fat bald guy eats crap. V2
The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of arteryV2
hardening crap.
The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.
V3
English 306A; Harris
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Sentences
Homer is sexy.
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone to the dog
English 306A; Harris
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Verbs
Homer is sexy.
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Arguments
Homer is sexy. VCOP
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. VCOP
Homer is in the kitchen. VCOP
Homer goes to the bar. VCOMP
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. VCOMP
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. VT-COMP
Bart throws a bone to the dog. VT-C0MP
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Patient Essive
Homer
Patientis sexy.
Essive
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Patient Essive
Homer
Patientis sexy.
Essive
Homer
operations guy.
Patientis a nuclear-plant
Essive
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Patient Essive
Homer
Patientis sexy.
Essive
Homer
operations guy.
Patientis a nuclear-plant
Essive
Agent is in theLocation
Homer
kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Patient Essive
Homer
Patientis sexy.
Essive
Homer
operations guy.
Patientis a nuclear-plant
Essive
Agent is in theLocation
Homer
kitchen.
Patient
Possessor
Homer
goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Patient Essive
Homer
Patientis sexy.
Essive
Homer
operations guy.
Patientis a nuclear-plant
Essive
Agent is in theLocation
Homer
kitchen.
Patient
Possessor
Homer
goes to the bar.
Agent
Patient
Recipient
The
collar belongs
to Santa’s
Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Patient Essive
Homer
Patientis sexy.
Essive
Homer
operations guy.
Patientis a nuclear-plant
Essive
Agent is in theLocation
Homer
kitchen.
Patient
Possessor
Homer
goes to the bar.
Agent
Patient
Recipient
The
collar belongs
to Santa’s
Little Helper.
Agent
Recipient
Marge bakesPatient
a cake for
Maggie.
Bart throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic Roles
Role
Definition
Agent
The entity that performs the action
Patient
The entity undergoing the action; the object of the experience
Experiencer
The entity that experiences the state
Receiver
The entity receives something from the action
Essive
Anything predicated by the (main) verb “to be”
Possessor
The entity who possesses something.
Source
The starting point for a movement
Goal
The end point for a movement
Path
The route over which movement happens
Time
The time an event occurs
Location
The place an event happens
English 306A; Harris
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Event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Moving
Transferring
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic Roles
Role
Event Schemata
Agent
DOING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Patient
BEING, HAPPENING, DOING, EXPERIENCING, HAVING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Experiencer
EXPERIENCING
Receiver
TRANSFERRING
Essive
BEING
Possessor
HAVING, TRANSFERRING
Source
Goal
MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Path
Time
Location
ALL
English 306A; Harris
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Patient
Complement ≈ Essive
E.g.s
Homer is large.
Homer is a safety inspector.
Homer is in the shower.
English 306A; Harris
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Patient
E.g.s
Homer fell asleep.
Homer ages.
Homer stumbled.
English 306A; Harris
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Agent
E.g.s
Homer eats.
Homer yells.
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Agent
(Object NP ≈ Patient)
E.g.s
Homer eats.
Homer yells.
Homer catches Bart.
Homer blamed Marge.
English 306A; Harris
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Experiencer
(Object NP ≈ Patient)
E.g.s
Homer laments.
Homer loathes Flanders.
Homer saw Chief Wiggum.
English 306A; Harris
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Experiencer
(Object NP ≈ Patient)
E.g.s
Homer laments.
Homer loathes Flanders.
Homer saw Chief Wiggum.
(Contrast: Homer watched Chief
Wiggum.)
English 306A; Harris
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Possessor
Object NP ≈ Patient
E.g.s
Homer has three kids.
Homer has a keen sense of smell.
Homer has chicken pox.
Homer owns a dog.
Homer possesses a hatbox.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Simplex occurrence (Happening,
Having, or Doing) with explicit
reference to motion.
Start = Source
End = Goal
Route = Path
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Simplex occurrence (Happening,
Having, or Doing) with explicit
reference to motion.
Happening + Source/Path/Goal
Doing + Source/Path/Goal
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening + Source/Path/Goal
Subj NP ≈ Patient
Complements ≈ Source, Path, Goal
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening + Source/Path/Goal
E.g.s
Homer stumbled home.
Homer stumbled home from Apu’s.
Homer stumbled home, down the
sidewalk from Apu’s.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening + Source/Path/Goal
Homer stumbled home, down the sidewalk from Apu’s.
Patient
Goal
Path
English 306A; Harris
Source
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Doing + Source/Path/Goal
E.g.s
Homer climbed out of the window.
Homer climbed up Mount Splashmor
from base camp
to the summit.
Homer ran screaming across the
back yard to Flander’s.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Doing + Source/Path/Goal
Homer ran screaming across the back yard to Flander’s.
Agent
Path
English 306A; Harris
Goal
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
English 306A; Harris
+
Moving
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
+
Moving
A complex
schema already
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
+
Moving
A complex
schema already
Happening or Doing
+ Source/Path/Goal
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
Moving
E.g.
Homer dropped the ball on his
foot.
Homer won $1.76 from the
Springfield Lottery Corporation.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Happening
Having
Doing
Moving
Transferring
Moving
E.g.
Homer dropped the ball on his
foot.
Happening: Patient
Patient
Patient
Moving:
Source
Patient
Goal
Happening: Patient
Patient
Patient
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
+
Moving
E.g.s
Homer sold the dog.
Homer sold the dog to Moe.
Homer bought the dog from Moe.
Homer bought the dog from a
puppy mill in Halton.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
+
Moving
E.g.
Homer sold the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
+
Moving
E.g.
Homer sold the dog.
Having: It’s about possession,
Moving: but the possession ‘moves’.
It leaves Homer (transfers from him).
Doing: Homer actively causes the transfer.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
+
Moving
E.g.
Homer sold the dog.
Having: Possessor
Moving: Source
Doing:
Agent
English 306A; Harris
Patient
Patient
Patient
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
+
Moving
E.g.
Homer sold the dog to Moe.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
+
Moving
E.g.
Homer sold the dog to Moe.
Having: It’s about possession,
Moving: but the possession ‘moves’.
It transfers from Homer to Moe.
Doing: Homer actively causes the transfer.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Happening
Having
Doing
Moving
E.g.s
Homer threw the dog a bone.
Homer mailed Marge a letter.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
Happening
Having
Doing
Moving
Transferring
Moving
E.g.
Homer threw the dog a bone.
Doing:
Agent
Moving:
Source
Goal
Patient
Doing:
Agent
Receiver
Patient
English 306A; Harris
Receiver
Patient
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Arguments and “voice”
Argument1
V2
Argument2
Maggie bandages the cat.
English 306A; Harris
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Arguments and “voice”
Grammatical roles
Subject
V2
Object
Maggie bandages the cat.
English 306A; Harris
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Arguments and “voice”
Semantic roles
Agent
V2
Patient
Maggie bandages the cat.
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Arguments and “voice”
Argument1
V1
The cat is bandaged by Maggie.
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Arguments and “voice”
Grammatical roles
Subject
V1
Comp
The cat is bandaged by Maggie.
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Arguments and “voice”
Passive
• an alternate Happening schema for
a proposition normally expressed as
a Doing schema
• an alternate VCOMP pattern for what is normally
expressed as a V2 pattern
The cat is bandaged by Maggie.
English 306A; Harris
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Arguments and “voice”
Semantic roles
Patient
V1
Agent
The cat is bandaged by Maggie.
English 306A; Harris
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Syntax
The sentence
the verb and its arguments
the subject and the predicate phrase
Event schemata
simplex
complex (simplex + relocation)
semantic roles
English 306A; Harris
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