Transcript SyntaxF10.pps

Syntax
Word patterns
English 306A; Harris
1
Syntactic arguments
Syntactic form
•
•
•
•
Syntactic functions
Linear Sentence patterns
Grammatical roles
Phrase structure rules
Hierarchical structure
• Event schemata
• Semantic roles
• “Energy” flow
S
NP
N
Homer preens
V
P
V
DOING
Agent: Homer
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
2
Linear Sequence
English basic sentence patterns (p.89)
V1
V2
V3
VCOP
VCOMP
VT-COMP
1 argument (Subj)
Intransitive
2 arguments (Subj, DObj)
Transitive
3 arguments (Subj, DObj, IObj)
Ditransitive
Copulative
2 arguments (Subj, Comp)
Complement 2 argument (Subj, Comp)
3 arguments
Transitive-complement
(Subj, DObj, Comp)
English 306A; Harris
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S  NP VP
V1
NPs VPs
Homer preens.
V2
Homer loves his blanket.
V3
Homer throws the dog a bone.
VCOP
Homer is incredibly sexy.
VCOMP
Homer goes to the bar.
VT-COMP Homer throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
4
S  NP VP
V1
NPs VPs
Homer preens.
V2
Homer loves his blanket.
V3
Homer throws the dog a bone.
VCOP
Homer is incredibly sexy.
VCOMP
Homer goes to the bar.
VT-COMP
NPs
AP
PPs
Homer throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Basic English phrase structure
S  NP VP
NP  (Det) (AP)* N (PP)
AP  (Deg) A
PP  P NP
VP  (Aux) V (NP) (NP) (PP)*
VPCOP  (Aux) VCOP AP
NP
PP
English 306A; Harris
6
Phrase Structure Rules
XY
XY
(X)
X*
X
Y
X “is a” Y
X precedes Y
X is optional
X iterates: 1 - ∞ Xs
X or Y
English 306A; Harris
7
Phrase Structure Rules
Hierarchy
S  NP VP
Linear Sequence
English 306A; Harris
8
Structural analysis
Lexical
Syntactic
Noun
NP
AP
Adjective Noun
A
blackboard
N
black board
English 306A; Harris
9
Phrase structure
Syntactic analysis
NP
AP
Det
A
N
the black board
English 306A; Harris
10
Phrase structure
Syntactic analysis
NP
AP
Det
Deg
the very
A
N
black board
English 306A; Harris
11
Sexy Homer
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris
12
Linear Sequence
Sexy Homer
N
VCOP Adj
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris
13
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
NP
VPCOP
AP
N
VCOP Adj
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris
14
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
S
NP
VPCOP
AP
N
VCOP Adj
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris
15
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
Copular verb phrase
S
NP
VPCOP
AP
N
VCOP Adj
Homer is sexy
English 306A; Harris
16
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
Copular verb phrase
S
NP
VPCOP
NP
N
VCOPDet
N
Homer is a sexpot
English 306A; Harris
17
Hierarchy
Sexy Homer
S
NP
N
Copular verb phrase
VPCOP
PP
VCOP P
NP
N
Homer is in trouble
English 306A; Harris
18
Linear Sequence
The preening Homer
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
19
Linear Sequence
The preening Homer
N
V
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
20
Hierarchy
The preening Homer
NP
VP
N
V
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
21
Hierarchy
The preening Homer
S
NP
VP
N
V
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
22
Hierarchy
The preening Homer
Intransitive verb phrase
S
NP
VP
N
V
Homer preens
English 306A; Harris
23
Linear Sequence
The loving Homer
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
24
Linear Sequence
The loving Homer
N
V
Det
N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
25
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
NP
N
NP
V
Det
N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
26
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
VP
NP
N
NP
V
Det
N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
27
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
S
VP
NP
N
NP
V
Det
N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
28
Hierarchy
The loving Homer
Transitive verb phrase
S
VP
NP
N
NP
V
Det
N
Homer loves his blanket
English 306A; Harris
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Linear Sequence
Homer’s eating habits
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris
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Linear Sequence
Homer’s eating habits
Det Adj
Adj
N
V
N
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris
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Hierarchy
Homer’s eating habits
NP
AP
AP
Det Adj
Adj
NP
N
V
N
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris
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Hierarchy
Homer’s eating habits
NP
VP
AP
AP
Det Adj
Adj
NP
N
V
N
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris
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Hierarchy
Homer’s eating habits
S
NP
VP
AP
AP
Det Adj
Adj
NP
N
V
N
The big bald guy eats crap
English 306A; Harris
34
Structural ambiguity
I saw the man from the store.
1.
2.
I was in the store, I looked out the window, and I saw the man:
“from the store” modifies ‘saw’.
The man is associated with the store, and I saw him: “from the
store” modifies ‘the man’.
English 306A; Harris
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Structural ambiguity
Same linear sequence, different hierarchy
S
S
VP
NP
VP
N
P
NP
Pro V Det N
P
P NP
N
P
P Det N Pro V Det N
I saw the man from the store.
P
P NP
P Det N
I saw the man from the store.
English 306A; Harris
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Structural ambiguity
Same linear sequence, different hierarchy
S
S
VP
VP
N
P
NP
NP
P
P
N
P
Pro V
Pro V
I saw the man from the store.
I saw the man from the store.
English 306A; Harris
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Structural ambiguity
Same linear sequence, different hierarchy
Subject Object Comp.
I saw the man from the store.
Patient
Location
Subject
Object
I saw the man from the store.
English 306A; Harris
Patient
38
Sentences
Homer preens.
Homer loves his blanket.
Homer eats.
Homer eats crap.
The fat bald guy eats crap.
The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of arteryhardening crap.
The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.
English 306A; Harris
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Verbs
Homer preens.
Homer loves his blanket.
Homer eats.
Homer eats crap.
The fat bald guy eats crap.
The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of arteryhardening crap.
The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone .
English 306A; Harris
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Arguments
Homer preens. V1
Homer loves his blanket. V2
Homer eats. V1
Homer eats crap. V2
The fat bald guy eats crap. V2
The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of arteryV2
hardening crap.
The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.
V3
English 306A; Harris
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Sentences
Homer is sexy.
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone to the dog
English 306A; Harris
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Verbs
Homer is sexy.
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone to the dog.
English 306A; Harris
43
Arguments
Homer is sexy. VCOP
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. VCOP
Homer is in the kitchen. VCOP
Homer goes to the bar. VCOMP
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. V2
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. VT-COMP
Bart throws a bone at the dog. VT-C0MP
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Patient Essive
Homer is sexy.
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone at the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Homer
Patientis sexy.
Essive
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone at the dog.
English 306A; Harris
46
Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.
Homer
operations guy.
Patientis a nuclear-plant
Essive
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone at the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Agent is in the Goal
Homer
kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone at the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Homer is in the kitchen.
Patient
Possessor
Homer
goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone at the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
Agent
Patient
Receiver
The
collar belongs
to Santa’s
Little Helper.
Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.
Bart throws a bone at the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic roles
Homer is sexy.
Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.
Homer is in the kitchen.
Homer goes to the bar.
The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.
Agent
Marge bakesPatient
a cake forGoal
Maggie.
Bart throws a bone at the dog.
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic Roles
Role
Definition
Agent
The entity that performs the action
Patient
The entity undergoing the action; the object of the experience
Experiencer
The entity that experiences the state
Receiver
The entity that receives something from the action
Essive
Anything predicated by the (main) verb “to be”
Possessor
The entity who possesses something.
Source
The starting point for a movement
Goal
The end point for a movement
Path
The route over which movement happens
Time
The time an event occurs
Location
The place an event happens
English 306A; Harris
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Event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Moving
Transferring
English 306A; Harris
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Semantic Roles
Role
Event Schemata
Agent
DOING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Patient
BEING, HAPPENING, DOING, EXPERIENCING, HAVING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Experiencer
EXPERIENCING
Receiver
TRANSFERRING
Essive
BEING
Possessor
HAVING, TRANSFERRING
Source
Goal
MOVING, TRANSFERRING
Path
Time
Location
ALL
English 306A; Harris
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Patient
Complement ≈ Essive
E.g.s
Homer is large.
Homer is a safety inspector. VCOP
Homer is in the shower.
English 306A; Harris
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Patient
E.g.s
Homer fell.
Homer ages.
Homer stumbled.
English 306A; Harris
V1
56
Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Agent
E.g.s
Homer eats.
Homer yells.
English 306A; Harris
V1
57
Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Agent
(Object NP ≈ Patient)
E.g.s
Homer eats.
Homer yells.
Homer catches Bart.
Homer kissed Marge.
English 306A; Harris
V1
V2
58
Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Experiencer
(Object NP ≈ Patient)
E.g.s
Homer laments.
V1
Homer loathes Flanders.
Homer saw Chief Wiggum. V2
English 306A; Harris
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Experiencer
(Object NP ≈ Patient)
E.g.s
Homer laments.
V1
Homer loathes Flanders.
Homer saw Chief Wiggum. V2
(Contrast: Homer watched Chief
Wiggum.)
English 306A; Harris
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Simplex event schemata
Being
Happening
Doing
Experiencing
Having
Subject NP ≈ Possessor
Object NP ≈ Patient
E.g.s
Homer has three kids.
Homer has a keen sense of smell.
Homer has chicken pox.
V2
Homer owns a dog.
Homer possesses a hatbox.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
MovingHappening/Doing
Transferring
Simplex occurrence (Happening or
Doing) with explicit reference to
motion.
Start = Source
End = Goal
Route = Path
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
MovingHappening/Doing
Transferring
Simplex occurrence (Happening or
Doing) with explicit reference to
motion.
Happening + Source/Path/Goal
Doing + Source/Path/Goal
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
MovingHappening
Transferring
Happening + Source/Path/Goal
Subj NP ≈ Patient
Complements ≈ Source, Path, Goal
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
MovingHappening
Transferring
Happening + Source/Path/Goal
E.g.s
Homer staggered home.
Homer staggered home from
Apu’s.
Homer staggered home, down the
sidewalk from Apu’s.
English 306A; Harris
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Complex event schemata
MovingHappening
Transferring
Happening + Source/Path/Goal
Homer staggered home, down the sidewalk from Apu’s.
Patient
Goal
Path
English 306A; Harris
Source
66
Complex event schemata
MovingDoing
Transferring
Doing + Source/Path/Goal
E.g.s
Homer climbed out of the window.
Homer climbed up Mount Splashmor
from base camp
to the summit.
Homer ran screaming across the
back yard to Flander’s.
English 306A; Harris
67
Complex event schemata
MovingDoing
Transferring
Doing + Source/Path/Goal
Homer ran screaming across the back yard to Flander’s.
Agent
Path
English 306A; Harris
Goal
68
Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Having
+
Moving
MovingHappening
MovingDoing
A complex
schema already
Happening or Doing
+ Source/Path/Goal
English 306A; Harris
69
Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Having
+
MovingHappening
E.g.
V2
Bart found a wallet.
VT-COMP
Homer won $1.76 from the
Springfield Lottery Corporation.
English 306A; Harris
70
Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Having
+
MovingHappening
VT-COMP
E.g.
Homer won $1.76 from the SLC.
Having: Possessor
Happening: Receiver
Moving:
Goal
English 306A; Harris
Patient
Patient
Patient
Possessor
Patient
Source
71
Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Having
+
MovingDoing
E.g.
V2
Homer sold the dog.
Homer sold the dog to Moe. VT-COMP
English 306A; Harris
72
Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Having
+
MovingDoing
E.g.
Homer sold the dog.
Having: Possessor
Moving: Source
Doing: Agent
English 306A; Harris
Patient
Patient
Patient
73
Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Having
+
MovingDoing
E.g.
Homer sold the dog to Moe.
Having: Possessor
Moving: Source
Doing: Agent
English 306A; Harris
Patient
Possessor
Patient
Goal
Patient
Receiver
74
Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Having
+
MovingDoing
E.g.
Homer sold Moe the dog.
Having: Possessor Possessor Patient
Moving: Source
Goal
Patient
Doing: Agent
Receiver
Patient
English 306A; Harris
75
Complex event schemata
Moving
Transferring
Having
+
MovingDoing
E.g.
Homer told his wife a story.
Having: Possessor Possessor Patient
Moving: Source
Goal
Patient
Doing: Agent
Receiver
Patient
English 306A; Harris
76
Transferring
V3
VT-COMP
Homer sold Moe the dog.
Homer sold the dog to Moe.
Subject
I-Object D-Object
Possessor Possessor Patient
Source
Goal
Patient
Agent
Receiver Patient
Subject
Possessor
Source
Agent
D-Object Comp
Patient Possessor
Patient
Goal
Patient
Receiver
S
S
VP
VP
PP
NP
N
NP
V
NP
N Det N
Homer sold Moe the dog
NP
NP
NP
N
V Det N P
N
Homer sold the dog to Moe
English 306A; Harris
77
Syntax
The sentence
the verb and its arguments
the subject and the predicate phrase
Event schemata
simplex
complex (simplex + relocation)
semantic roles
English 306A; Harris
78