Transcript Grammar Notes

Nouns
 Nouns are the simplest part of speech. They are either
a…
 Person
 Place
 Thing
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Examples of Nouns
 Person: boy, girl, mother, father.
 Place: park, theater, beach, forest.
 Thing: apple, dog, ball, table.
Noun
Video
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You Try With Nouns
 Give me some examples of nouns!
 Find the noun in these sentences
 The boy ran.
 The table is round.
 The blanket is warm
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Proper Nouns:
 Scientist: Marie Curie, Charles Drew
 Woman: Coretta Scott King, Rita Moreno
 Building: World Trade Center, Eiffel Tower
 Day : Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday
Proper Nouns
 Something's OWN name
 Include names, nicknames, pets names, places names,
city names, etc.
 Proper Nouns also define
 All proper nouns start with Capitals
 Examples:
 Joe vs. Person
Jamestown vs. the city
Concrete Nouns
 A concrete nouns names a person, place, or thing, that
can be perceived by one or more of the senses (sight,
hearing, taste, touch, and smell)
 Examples:

Cloud, poison ivy, thunder, silk, yogurt, Sarah.
Abstract Nouns:
 An abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or
a character.
 Example:

Freedom, well-being, beauty, kindness, Buddhism.
Compound Nouns:
 A compound noun consists of two or more words used
together as a single noun. The parts of a compound
noun may be written as one word, as separate words, or
as a hyphenated word.
 One-Word



Firefighter: iceland, newspaper
Separate Words: Prime Minister, Red River Dam, fire drill
Hyphenated Word: sister-in-law, -Port-au-Prince
Collective Nouns:
 A collective noun is a word that names a group
 People: audience, chorus, committee, crew
 Animals: Brood, flock, gaggle, herd
 Things: assortment, batch, bundle, cluster
Pronouns
 Take the place of nouns
 Save time and energy
 Pronouns are words such as it, he , she, they, etc.
*They refer to the previous noun (antecedent)
Personal Pronouns:
 A personal pronoun refers to the one speaking (first
person) the one spoken to (second person) or the one
spoken about (third person).
 First Person:
I, me, my, mine, we, us, our ours,
 Second Person: you, yours, your
 Third Person: he, him, his, she, her, hers ,it, its, they,
them, their, theirs.
Every Pronoun in existence!
 All Pronouns: I, me, my, mine, you, your, yours, he, his,
him, she, her, hers, it, its, we, our, ours, us, you, your, yours,
they, their, theirs, them, who, whom, whose, which, that,
these, those, all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything,
both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few,
many, more, most, much, neither, nobody, none, no one,
one, other, several, some, somebody, someone, such,
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves.
Pronoun:
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more
than one noun.
Example: Susan watched the monkey make faces at her
little sister and brother. She laughed at it more than
they did.
She
it
They
Reflexive and Intensive Pronoun
 A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of a sentence.
(Action “reflects” back onto the subject).
 An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent and
has no grammatical function. (I ALONE)
Examples:

Elena treated herself to a snack (reflexive)

Albert himself organized the fund-raiser
(intensive)
Reflexive Pronouns:
non-reflexive
the underlined words are NOT the same
person/thing
REFLEXIVE pronouns
the underlined words are the SAME
person/thing
John saw me.
I saw myself in the mirror.
Why does he blame you?
Why do you blame yourself?
David sent him a copy.
John sent himself a copy.
David sent her a copy.
Mary sent herself a copy.
My dog hurt the cat.
My dog hurt itself.
We blame you.
We blame ourselves.
Can you help my children?
Can you help yourselves?
They cannot look after the babies.
They cannot look after themselve
Demonstrative Pronouns:
 A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a
specific person, place, thing, or idea. (POINT OUT)
 This, that, these, those

Example:
 That is Soon-Hee’s favorite restaurant in San Francisco.
 The tacos I made taste better than those.
Interrogative Pronouns:
 An interrogative pronoun introduces a question.
 Example: Who, whom, which, what, whose

Examples:
 Which of these songs is your favorite?
 What is your parakeet’s name?
Relative Pronouns:
 A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause
 That, which, who, whom, whose
 Examples:


The ship that you saw is sailing to Greece
Isabel is my friend who is training for the Boston marathon.
Indefinite pronouns:
 An indefinite pronoun refers to one or more persons, places,
ideas, or things that may or may not be specifically named.
 All, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either,
everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, much, neither,
none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, some, somebody,
something, such.
 Examples:



Angelo has everything he will need to go rock climbing.
Is anyone at home?
Most of the birds had already flown south for the winter.
Adjectives
 Adjectives are describing words that describe nouns.
Basic examples of adjectives…
 Fast
 fun
 silly
 big
 small
 ugly
 pretty
Adjectives
 Find the adjectives in these sentences:
 The pretty girl skipped away.
 The lazy cat is sleeping.
 The round apple is tasty.
Demonstrative Adjective:
 This, that, these, and those can be used both as
adjectives and as pronouns. When they modify nouns or
pronouns, they are called demonstrative adjectives.
 When they take the place of nouns or pronouns, they
are called demonstrative pronouns.
 Demonstrative Adjectives:
 Did Jennifer draw this picture or that one.
 Let’s take these sandwiches and those apples on our
picnic.
Articles:
 The most frequently used adjectives are a, an, and the.
These words are usually called articles.
 A and an are called indefinite articles because they refer
to any member of a general group.
 Examples:



A girl won.
They are having a one day sale.
This is an honor.
Verbs
 Verbs are action words.
 They describe what people are doing or states of being.
Examples of Verbs
 Run
 Jump
 Hop
 Skip
 Yell
 Play
 Dance
Basic Verbs:
 Find the verbs in these sentences:
 The mom is running.
 The dog is barking.
 The boy is going to run.
Main Verb/ Helping Verbs
 A verb phrase consists of at least one main verb and
one or more helping verbs.
 A helping verb (auxiliary verb) helps the main verb
express action or a state of being.
 The following can be used as helping verbs:
 Can, could, be, do , does, had, has , have, may, might,
must, shall, should, will, would.

Examples:
 Is leaving
 Had seemed
 Might have remained.
Grammar Book: Exercise 8 pg. 15
 1. Fortunately, he didn’t need surgery.
 2. His physical therapist has designed an exercise program for him.
 3. Before exercise, he must spend at least five minutes warming up.
 4. He will be using a back-extension machine.
 5. Does he walk indoors on a treadmill or outdoors on a track?
 6. At home, he will be exercising on a treadmill.
 7. The doctor is always reminding my brother about proper techniques
for lifting.
 8. When lifting heavy objects, my brother must wear a back brace.
 9. Should he try acupuncture or massage therapy?
 10. Without physical therapy, he might not have healed as quickly.
Answers:
 1. HV – didn’t
MV-need
 2. HV- has
MV- designed
 3. HV- must
MV- spend
 4. HV – will be MV –using
 5. HV – Does
MV- walk
 6. HV – will be MV- exercising
 7. HV – is
MV – reminding
 8. HV – must
MV – wear
 9. HV – should MV – try
 10. HV – might, have MV - healed
Action Verbs
 An action verb expresses either physical or mental
action.
 Physical Action: write, describe, sit, receive, arise, go
 Mental Action: remember, consider, think, understand,
believe, know
 Examples:


The audience cheered the lead actors.
The children hoped for sunshine.
Linking Verbs:
 A linking verb connects the subject to a word or word
group that identifies or describes the subject. The
most commonly used linking verbs are forms of the
verb be.
Examples:
be, being, am, is, shall be, will be, has been, have been,
should be, would be, can be, could be, are, was were,
had been, shall have been, will have been, should have
been, would have been, could have been.
Examples:
 The answer is three. (is links answer and three)
 The answer is correct (verb is links answer and correct)
 The winners are happy. (the verb links winners and
happy)
 The wet dog smelled horrible. (the verb smelled links
dog and horrible).
 The motor sounded harsh. (the verb sounded links
motor and harsh).
Linking Verbs Handout:
 Plug in the appropriate Linking Verb.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
 A transitive verb is a verb that expresses an action
directed toward a person, place, or thing.
 The action expressed by a transitive verb passes from
the doer – the subject- to the receiver of the action.
 Words that receive the action of a transitive verb are
called objects.
Transitive/Intransitive:
 Ask what or whom after reading the verb to determine
if you have an object. (page 19 in Grammar Book).
 When will Neil ring the bell?
 Ring what or whom? The Bell. Transitive.
 Last Saturday we stayed inside.
 Stayed what or whom? No answer. Intransitive.
Exercise 14. pg. 20
 Aunt Pam and I _________(1) something really different last summer.
We _______(2) on inner tubes down a river in the wilderness. A guide
_______(3) our group with a truckful of giant tubes and picnic lunches
and _____(4) us about twenty miles upstream. Then everyone ____(5)
into a tube in the water. The guide ____(6) in the truck for a picnic spot
downstream, halfway back to the base. All morning, we _____ (7) lazily
alone in the sunshine and _____ (8) the wildlife along the shore. When
we ____(9) at the picnic spot, a delicious lunch _____(10) us.
Drifted
Landed
Watched
Experienced
Floated
Rode
Met
Admired
Climbed
Arrived
Left
Did
Awaited
Suggested
Tried
drove
Answers:
 1. did (transitive)
 2. rode (intransitive)
 3. met (transitive)
 4. drove (transitive)
 5. climbed (intransitive)
 6. left (intransitive)
 7. floated (intransitive)
 8. admired (transitive)
 9. landed (intransitive)
 10. awaited (transitive)
Adverbs
 Word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb.
 An adverb tells where, when, how, or to what extant
(how long or how much).
 -ly ending
 Examples
 Joyfully
 Actively
 Sadly
The boy looked on sadly as the plane departed.
Adverbs Modifying Verbs
 Each boldface adverb modifies a verb.
Where?
When?
We lived there.
May we go tomorrow?
Please step up.
Water the plant weekly.
I have the ticket here.
Put that down.
We’ll see you later.
He arrived early.
Adverbs:
How?
To What Extant?
She quickly agreed
Fill the tank completely
That rain fell softly.
He hardly moved.
Drive carefully.
Did she hesitate slighlty?
He sand beautifully.
They partly completed the form.
Adverbs:
 Adverbs may come before or after words they modify.
 Sometimes adverbs interrupt the parts of a verb phrase.
 Adverbs may also introduce questions.

Example;
 Where in the world did you ever find that pink-and purplenecktie?
 The adverb where introduces the question and modifies the verb
phrase “did find”. The adverb ever interrupts the verb phrase and
also modifies it.
Adverbs Modifying Adjectives:
 Beth did an exceptionally fine job. (The adverb
exceptionally modifies the adjective fine, telling to what
extent.)
 Slightly cooler temperatures are forecast (the adverb
slightly modifies the adjective cooler, telling to what
extent).
 Mr. Lomazzi is an especially talented chef. (the adverb
especially modifies the subject talented, telling to what
extent.)
Adverbs that Modify Adjectives
 Identify the adverbs that modify adjectives in the
sentences below.
 For each adverb, give the adjective it modifies.
 Example: The compass I bought was incredibly cheap.
 Incredibly-cheap.
Exercises 19!
Join Things
Conjunctions
 Words that join two or more
sentences.
 Examples
 And
 But
 either/or
 I would love some ice cream but I’m
full from dinner.
Conjunctions
 Conjunctions are connecting words
 And adds things together in the sentence
 I like baseball and soccer.
 Or also joins, but makes an option or pose a
question.
 “What do you like best, dogs or cats?”
Coordinating Conjunctions:
 A coordinating conjunction joins words or word
groups that are used in the same way.
 Examples:


streets and sidewalks (two nouns)
On land or at sea (prepositional phrases)
Coordinating Conjunctions
And
But
Or
For
Yet
so
Nor
Correlative Conjunctions:
 Pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups
that are used in the same way.
Correlative Conjunctions
Both….and
Not only…but also
Either….or
Neither…..nor
Whether……or
Correlative Conjunction:
 Examples:
 Both Jim Thorpe and Roberto Clemente were
outstanding athletes (to proper nouns)
 We want to go not only to Ontario but also to Quebec.
(two prepositional phrases).
Using a Comma
 Before every joining word, a comma (,) must be used
Example:

“I like soup, and I like sandwiches.”
 You also must check that a and/or can be used by
taking out the , and/, or and replacing it with a period.
Preposition:
 A Preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a
noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
 Prepositions are important because they point out
different relationships. Notice in the following
examples how the preposition in bold face type show
three different relationships between village and rode
and between river and park.
 I rode past the village
 The park near the river…
 I rode through the village  The park besides the river…
 The park across the river…
 I rode beyond the village.
Prepositions: continued
 A preposition always introduces a phrase.
 The noun or pronoun that ends a prepositional phrase
is the object of the preposition which introduces the
phrase.
 In the previous example the objects of the prepositions
are village and river.
Commonly used prepositions…
 Aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along,
amid, among, around, at, before, behind, below,
beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by,
concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside,
into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, outside, over, past,
since, through, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up,
upon, with, within, without.
 Compound prepositions: according to, because of, by
means of, in addition to, in front of, in spite of, instead
of, on account of, prior to.
Note:
 Many words in the preceding list can also be used as
adverbs. To be sure that a word is used as a perposition,
ask whether the word relates a noun or a pronoun to
another word.
 Welcome aboard. (adverb)
 Welcome aboard our boat. (preposition)
 The runner fell behind (adverb)
 The paper fell behind the cabinet. (preposition)
Compound Prepositions:
 Prepositions that consist of two or more words are
called compound prepositions.
Compound Prepositions
According to
In place of
As of
In spite of
Aside from
Instead of
Because of
Next to
By means of
On account of
In addition to
Out of
In front of
Prior to
Prepositional Phrase:
 The preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the
objects together form a prepositional phrase.
 Examples:


Joe went to the nearest store. (the noun store is the object of the
preposition to. The adjective the and nearest modify the noun
store).
Is she one of those trailing behind. (The pronoun those is the
object of the preposition of. Those is modified by the
participial phrase trailing behind).
Interjection:
 An interjection is a word that expresses emotion
and has no grammatical relation to other words in
the sentence.
 Examples: Ouch! Ugh! Wow! Oops! Oh!
 An interjection with mild emotion can be followed
by a comma.
 Examples: Well, I’m just not sure.
 Interjection video