Transcript The sentences - sapto hermawan perspective

KULIAH BAHASA INGGRIS
(Legal English)
DOSEN PENGAMPU :
Sapto Hermawan
www.saptohermawan.staff.hukum.un
s.ac.id
Deskripsi
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Mata kuliah Bhs Inggrisi Hukum fokusnya tertuju pada pembahasan
dasar-dasar teori bahasa secara terperinci dan menyeluruh serta
penerapannya dalam penggunaan sehari-hari baik secara tertulis
(written) maupun lisan (oral)
Memberikan kemampuan memahami dan mengutarakan kembali
karya tulis bidang hukum dalam bahasa Inggris melalui pemahaman
tentang comprehension, reproduction, sentence analysis dan
vocabulary building.
Penggunaan bahasa Inggris disesuaikan dngan taraf intermediate dan
pre advanced.
Penggunaan ditekankan pada kemampuan memahami bacaan ilmiah,
penambahan perbendaharaan kata,/ungkapan dalam bahasa Inggris,
perjanjian internasional, konvensi.
Struktur kalimat (tata bahasa) diberikan sesuai dengan bacaan ilmiah
di bidang hukum. Kemampuan menterjemahkan, conversation dan
diskusi dalam bahasa Inggris.
Materi
• Auxiliary Verbs; Affixes; Articles;
Pronouns; Tenses; Participles; Passive
Voice; Conditionals; Conjunctions;
Prepositions; Comparison; Phrases; Legal
Terms; Translation.
References
1. Black’S Law Dictionary: Henry Campbell Black*
2. Law Dictionary: Steven H. Gifts*
3. English for Special Purposes: Dra.H. Sofia
Rangkuti Hasibuan, MA.*
4. American Law An introduction: Lawrence
Friedman (Translation Edition)*
5. Jakarta Post News Paper*
6. Dictionary**
* voluntary,
** compulsory, obligatory
The simple present tense
 Is used both to express habitual actions
and general truths or facts, examples :
 They open his law office every Monday &
Friday
 Law is a noble profession
 The judge attends trial session every
morning
 Sentence transformation (interrogative &
negative), examples :
 Does the judge attend trial………………..
 The judge does not attend trial ……………..
The present continuous
tense
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Explains present time. It is used for actions
or conditions which are happening in the
present
Time markers : now, today, tonight, etc
The judge is listening to the plaintiff now
The man is looking for a good defense
lawyer
Sentence transformation (interrrogative &
Negative)
The Past Tense
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To describe one completed action in the past
Indicated by time markers such as : yesterday,
two days ago, in 1993 etc, examples :
The witness took an oath in front of the judge
yesterday
The prosecutor arrived late this morning
Both lawyers and the defendant went to court
Sentence transformation (interrogative &
negative), ex:
Did the prosecutor arrive late this morning
The future tense
• Describes actions, activities and conditions in
the future
• Time markers generally used : next year, next
week, in the year 2008 etc
• In the year 2010, Mr Ali will establish a law firm
of his own in Solo
• Many people are going to seek legal aid from
Ali’s firm
• Sentence transformation (interrogative &
negative)
shall, will, to going to
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In American English, “shall” indicates uncertainty in
the future, ex : shall we go there by a public bus,
Shall I invite him to the meeting
In modern english “will” and to “going to” are two
most common verbs to express the future. Howewer
there is a slight difference in meaning
“Will” shows a future with determination, while “to
going to” indicates intension of the speaker
In old English shall is also used to express a future
time for the first person singular subyect “I” or in the
official language of a contract
The used of “shall” in a contract
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The chairman of the board of governors
(Chairman) shall, with the approval of the
board of governors, designate regions for
the administration of the disciplinary
process pursuant for these rules. In each
region there shall be established a
commmittee with the duties and powers
set forth in the bylaws and in these rules,
etc………………………………
Communication focus
Why do you study law ?
 What is your goal after graduation from
law school ?
 What is your opinion of our legal system ?
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The sentences
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Whether short or long a sentence must have a
subject and a verb and express complete idea,
ex. :
Nowadays thieving prowlers are common
occurred
Many households keep at least one dog to warn
the family
Bribery of public officials is common in our
country
An unscrupulous man with great power and
wealth can do almost anything
The maker of pills and tonics no longer can
advertise
The present perfect time
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Form : Have/has + past participle of a verb (have/has
gone)
For a completed action at an indefinite time in the past.
Time markers : just, already, yet, not yet, etc
For an activity or a state that has continued for a period
of time, from a point in the past until the present.
Indicated by : since 1997, for year, so far, up to know, in
all her life, until now, etc
He has just graduated from law school
He has been the director of the company since 1997
They have shown good conduct so far
Transformation of sentences (interrogative & negative)
The past perfect tense
• Form : Had + past participle (had gone)
• Is used to to show an action which was completed before a
certain even also in the past
• In a sentence the past perfect tense is generally combined
with a past tense, since both refer to two events in the past.
The past perfect action happened first
• Indicated by : when, before, after
• His attorney had already left when Mr. Ali came in
• He had talked to his attorney before he went to court
• I went home after I had seen the police inspector
• Transformation of sentences
The past continous tense
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Form : was/were + verb + ing (was/were talking)
Is used in combination with an event in the past
For an action continuing in the past. Ex : The
defendant was talking to Mr Darmo last night
For two actions continuing at the same time in
the past. Ex : Mr Rachmat was talking on the
phone while his secretary was typing the letters
For two actions in the past, one continuing while
the other occurred or interrupted. Ex :Members
of parliament were eating dinner when the
attorney general walked in
The modal auxaliries
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Have a special meaning attached to them 
special verb
Can – (ability)  can go - could go
May – (permission)  may go-might go
Should- (advisability)  should go-should have
gone
Must – (necessity)  must go-had to go
Have/has - (necessity)  have/has to go-had to
go
Ought to – (obligation)  ought to go – ought to
have gone
Examples of sentences using
modal of auxiliaries
He has to pay property tax yearly (This
statement means that it is necessary for him to
pay taxes regularly)
Workers should follow certain regulation in the
office (this statement means that workers are
supposed to follow certain rules in the office)
The police can identify the victim
Members of Parliament may come late today
The active and the passive voice
They write down the rules on a piece of paper (active,
present tense)
The rules are written down on a piece of paper (passive)
The father made the rules of conduct (active, past tense)
They have broken the law (active, present perfect)
He had reported the accident to the police (active, past
perfect)
He will hire a good lawyer (active, future tense)
She should type the report (active, modal auxiliary)
Any member of the tribe could use the land (active)
The man should report the accident to the police (active)
The prosecutor is questioning the man (active)
Adjectives
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A word that modifies or explain a noun or pronoun. An adjective
comes before the noun it modifies. Ex : a poor man, handsome
lawyer
The tragic news was printed on the front page of the newspaper
The old man is selling used books to the needy children
She is a living witness to the crime
She is a boring speaker, but she is a fascinating teacher
A dead man was found in front of a school
His shirt was stained with fresh blood
Two policemen took the body to a nearby hospital
Several physicians gave their professional statements
The old man died because of a heavy blow to his head
Sentence Pattern
(The simple sentences, Compound sentence, complex
sentences)
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The simple sentences, Ex :
The murderer stabbled the man (without
modifiers)
The suspected murderer, unemployed and
desperate for money to support his life in
the city, mercilessly stabbled the rich man
in the middle of the night (With modifiers)
Compound sentence
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Consist of two or more independent clauses connected by the
coordinate conjungtions : and, but, or, yet, nor, for and so
The court session ended
Student left
The seemingly endless court session finally ended at noon
The tired students left quickly
The seemingly endless court session finally ended at noon so
the tired students left quickly
The use of computers in the law firm will not generate
employement opportunities, but it will increase productivity
The prisoners are not allowed sport activities, nor are they
offered courses to improve their skills
The defendant did not want to listen to the verdict, so she left
the court early
Gerund
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Gerunds as subject
Testifying under oath was a bad experiences for her
Gerunds as objects of verbs
He suddenly stopped talking because of the chaotic
situation in court
Gerund as objects of preposition
The man is accused of killing his wife
Gerunds as complements of verb to be
His duty is defending the poor in the court house
Gerrunds as appositives
The lawyer must not neglect his duty-defending the poor
The Adverbs
Formed by adding “ly” to an adjective,
ex : briefly, fully, specifically, slowy.
 Not all words ending “ly” are adverbs,
ex: brotherly, fatherly, lovely,
neighborly, lovely. Etc are adjectives.
Whereas, words such as : very, much,
little, almost, often etc, which do not
have ly endings are adverb
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The function of adverbs
Modify verbs
The presiding judge does not depend
fully on the testimony
 Modify adjectives
The corporation needs a highly trained lawyer
 Qualify other adverbs
The defense lawyer spoke extremely well in
front on the jury
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Examples of words ending in – ly but function
as an adjectives in sentences
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The corporate manager is an early
riser
He has been very lonely without
his family in prison
You should not forget your wifely
duties
Observe the underlined words in the following
sentences
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The witness took the stand and talked very
fast in front of the members jury
The accident happened on a very fast train
from Jakarta to Surabaya
The prisoners have long hair since they may
not go out of their cells
I have waited long outside the room for the
presiding judge to read the verdict in the case
Note the use of gerunds, adverbs and
adjectives
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Prosecutor : Mr. Rifai where were you on
evening of July 23 ?
Mr Rifai : oh, that starry evening? I lost my cat,
so I was looking for it in Mr Ali yard
P : While you were there, did you try entering the
chicken house
R : certainly, I did not
P : But you must admit seeing some very
attractive chickens there. You could not avoid
seeing them
R : Of course, I saw some chickens
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P : Did some of them get out of the coop
R : Yes, I don’t know exactly how many, but I think I saw
a big one, a black one, I guess, run out of the coop
P : Mr. Rifai, do you remember how the big chicken got
out the coop? can you tell us precisely what you saw that
night ?
R : I told you I was`looking for my cat, not for any
chickens. I did not pay attention to the chickens
P : Was anybody arround that night
R : It was dark. I couldn’t see very well. I was just
walking arround aimless because I was worried about
losing my cat
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P : I can understand that, Mr Rifai. And I can also
understand that while you were looking for your cat,
you also had your eyes on those beautiful fat
chickens
R : Look mister, just because I was walking in Mr.
Ali’s back yard looking for my cat, you can not
directly charge me with stealing his chickens. Any
way, why do bother me for stealing chickens while
there are people out there who are corrupt bankers
and officials you never care to investigate? What the
matter with you? Why don’t you investigate people
like Mr. Garong for KKN
Answer the following answer
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How many people take part in the dialogue? Who
are they
in the people dialogue mr Ali’s, Mr. Rifai and the
prosecutor (wrong grammar)
What did Mr Rifai lose
Where did Rifai try to find his cat
What was there in the back yard of Mr Ali’s house
Mr. Rifai’s cat (wrong answer)
Why couldn’t Mr Rifai see anyone around that night
Nouns
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Proper nouns : Tom, Achmad, Indonesia, jakarta
Concrete and abstract nouns : books, beauty
Countable and uncountable : one book, rice
Noun compounds : attorney general, garlic smuggler,
general election, paycheck, pickpocket
Adjective forms used as nouns : the rice, the brave
Gerund : saving your money in the bank
Derivational forms of nouns : accumulation,
encouragement, accomplishment, assistance, attraction,
government, hardship, intellegent, misery, profit,
weakness, strength, sucess
Functions of noun
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As subject of verb
Honesty is the best policy
As object of verb
The poor are spending their money on basic
commodities
As subjective complement
He is president of the United States
In apposition
Mr. Jones, American ambassador to Indonesia
in 1965, wrote the book entitled “Indonesia the
posssible dream”
Object of preposition
A charismatic leader does not lie to his people
Conditional sentences
Future-Possible condition
The president will fire his ministers if they are
incapable of doing their job
 Present unreal condition
If I told you the truth about the accident, you
would cry  it is mean that the speaker does
not tell the truth
 Past unreal condition
If the independent lawyer had gathered enough
evidence, he would have won the case  The
independent lawyer did not gather enough
evidence
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Adjective Clauses
For a person : who, whom, whose,
that
 For a thing : which, that
 For time : when
 For place : where
 For reason : why
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Sentences containing the
adjective clauses
The 40-year-old lady who was just
acquitted of a murder charge, had
trouble looking for a job
 The witness from whom the public
prosecutor tried to get information on
the case was reluctant to talk much
 He needs some facts that concern the
defendant’s past business activities
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Law Enforcement
Officer
• Police
• Public Prosecutor (to prosecute,
prosecution), Attorney, Attorney
General, Solicitor
• Judge, justice, Chief Justice.
• Legal Practitioner (Lawyer, Advocate,
Legal Counsel, Attorney At Law,
Barrister)
Trial Processes System
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Adversary System :
 The jurisprudential network of laws, rules and procedures
characterized by opposing parties who contend against each
other for a result favorable to themselves
 Common Law Tradition  Orality
 The judge acts as an an independent magistrate rather than
prosecutor
Inquisitorial System :
 Civil Law tradition  Written document based
 Rational, fair, obyective value
 A Wisdom Messages 
 Oliver Wendel Holmes, Associate Justice U.S Supreme
Court:
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I’am not here to do justice, I am here to play the
game according to the rules…..
 Judge Jerome Frank, U.S. Courts Appeal (high court)
…the lawyer aims at victory, at winning in the fight,
not at aiding the court to discover the facts. He does
not want the trial court to reach a sound educated
guess, if it is likely to be contrary to his client’s
interests. Our present trial methods is thus the
equivalent of throwing pepper in the eyes o a
surgeon when he is performing an operation…..
definition
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Barrister  in england one of two classes of
legal practitioners whose functions is the
advocacy of ceases in open court and related
duties
Solicitor General  person appointed by the
president to assist the attorney general in
performing his/her duties
Court clerk an officer whose duty is to keep
records, issue process, enter judgement and
the like
A law clerk  an assistant to a lawyer or a
judge
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
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Police  investigation, inquriy
Public Attorney, Supreme Public
Attorney  prosecution
Court (Distric Court, Appeal Court/high
court, Supreme Court)  trial
Correctional, Penitentiary (Prison, jail,
Custody, Detention, Suspect,
Accused, Defendant, Plaintiff,
Prisoner, Inmate)  correction
Criminal procedure
(prosecution)
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 Prosecution  the act of pursuing a lawsuit or
criminal trial
 Arraignment  procedure whereby the accused is
brought before the court to plead to the criminal
charge against him for the indictment or information
 Indictment  a formal written accusation, drawn up
and submitted to a grand jury by the public
prosecuting attorney, charging one or more persons
with a crime
 Information  a written accusation of crime signed by
the prosecutor, charging a person with the commision
of a crime as a means of starting a criminal
prosecution
Court decision
 Verdict  latin “veredictum” :
 a true declaration. The formal decision or finding
made by a jury
 the finding of a jury or of a judge where there is no jury
on a question of fact
 is not a judicial determination
 Judgment  the determination of a court of competent
jurisdiction upon matters submitted to it
The types of crime
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Felony a crime of a graver or more serious nature
than those as designated as misdemeanors
(homicide ;murder and manslaughter, mayhem,
arson, rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, exc).
Marital rape
Misdemeanors  offenses lower than felonies and
generally those punishable by fine,
penalty,forfeiture, or imprisonment otherwise than
in penitentiary
Malpractice  professional misconduct or
unreasonable lack of skill
HOMICIDE TYPES 
 Manslaughter  the unjustifiable,
inexcusable and intentional killing
of a human being without
deliberation, premediation and
malice
 Murder  the unlawful killing of a
human being by another with
malice aforethought
QUIZ 
PLEASE MAKE COMPLETE SENTENCE
CONTAIN NOUN COMPOUND :
BOGUS MONEY
 CAPITAL MARKET
 INSURANCE BROKER
 PROSECUTOR ACCUSATION
 LAW LIBRARY
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Formal and business letters
The heading  the return address
Inside address  the name of the
person you are writing
Salutation
Body, (brief)  stating only the facts
of the matter
Closing and signature
SALUTATION
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My dear John/Mary
Dear Sir/Madam
Dear dad/mother
Respected sir/madam
Your excellency
Your Highness
Your Majesty
Closing paragraph
• I will write again very soon Clara
• Give me kind respect tp your parents
• I hope you are all keeping well and that
everything will go along succesfully
• We thank you in advance for your
cooperation in this matter
• I hope to be favoured to have an
interviaew at your earliest convenience
Complimentary
 Your loving
John/Son/dauhgter/sister/aunt/uncle
 Yours sincerely
 Truly yours
 Your faithfully
 Sincerely
Job Aplication Letters
 Basically a sales letter
 Present yourself with confidence
 Reflect your personality as well your
qualification
 Emphasize your strongest ability
 don’t overdo by mentioning all the
aplicable experience you have
 Rely on your highlights
The three Important points
Specify the job you
are seeking
State your
accomplishment and
abilities
Ask for an action
from the employer
Writing Resumes
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A form of advertising yourself therofore should be
neat, specific and accurate
The ideal length is optional, but most agree that it
should be no more than two pages
Emphasize your strengths and omit your weakness
Mention your education
The employer is interested in your highest level of
schooling and in any courses that are directly
applicable to the job ypu are seeking
Contents of resumes
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Name in full (first, middle, last, surname)
Adress (included phone number, email, fax)
Place and date of birth
Sex
Marital status
Religion
Group of ethnic
Education history
Employment history
References
Simple examples
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Dear Sirs
With reference to your advertisement in Harian
Kompas, March 28, 2006, I would like to apply
for the possition of legal staff at your
company/office/enterprises
I am 23 years old and and the possession of
Faculty of Law sertificate
I have good a knowledge of english both in oral
and written
I have also some work experiences such as
lawyer assistant at Makarim & Co since 2005
until 2006
Education History
Graduated from primary school (SDN..)
 Graduated from Junior High School (…)
 Graduated from senior high school
 Graduated from the Faculty of Law of
Sebelas Maret University in 2007
 Post graduate (S2) majoring in Business
law from Sebelas Maret University
 Additional courses
 computer, english, mandarin, japanese
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Materi Ujian
 Translate
 Completing sentences
 rational is one of the characteristic
of inquisitoir system
 Indonesia’s legal system is strongly
influenced by civil law system
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inmate is a person confined to a
prison
The corruption suspect was
detained at the detention center
in avoiding run away
The judge of Surakarta distric court
conduct trial for local parliament
corruption ceases.
Crime and the law
law-abiding • solicitor • defendant * jury
offender • victim • barrister • judge • witness
Task 1: Match the words and expressions in the box with their correct
definition 1-9.
1. A person appointed to make legal decisions in a court of law.
2. A group of twelve citizens who are sworn to decide whether someone is
guilty or innocent on the
basis of evidence given in a court of law.
3. A person who sees something happen or is present when something
happens.
4. A person who is accused of doing something illegal.
5. A person who is attacked or who is in an accident.
6. A qualified lawyer who gives advice to members of the public and acts
for them in legal matters.
7. A person who commits an offence against the law.
8. A lawyer who can present a case in court.
9. An expression used to describe someone who obeys the law