Transcript ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective Clauses
形容詞子句
The House that Jack Built
This is the horse and the hound and the horn
That belonged to the farmer sowing his corn
That kept the cock that crowed in the morn
That woke the priest all shaven and shorn
That married the man all tattered and torn
That kissed the maiden all forlorn
That milked the cow with the crumpled horn
That tossed the dog that worried the cat
That killed the rat that ate the malt
That lay in the house that Jack built.
A clause…
…. is a group of related words containing a subject
and a verb.
子句是一組包含一個主詞和一個動詞的關連字。
Examples:
 I missed the train
 that my classmates were on
 because I was looking for a parking place
There are 2 kinds of clauses:
Independent (Main) Clause Dependent (Subordinate) Clause
獨立(主要)子句
從屬(附屬)子句
 Expresses a complete thought
 Does not express a complete thought
 Forms a sentence by itself
 Must be joined to an independent
clause
EXAMPLE:
I missed the train…
EXAMPLES:
…that my classmates were on
…because I was looking for a parking
place
Dependent clauses can function as
 Adverbs (副詞)
Example: We left before the movie ended.
 Adjectives (形容詞)
Example: I love the bracelet that you gave me.
 Nouns (名詞)
Example: You didn’t hear what I said.
An adjective clause…
 ... functions as an adjective in a sentence.
形容詞子句 的功用有如多字的形容詞 。
Example:
“A man who won't die for something is not fit to live.”
--Martin Luther King
An adjective clause meets these three
requirements:
 It contains a subject and a verb.
 It functions as an adjective, answering the questions What
kind? How many? or Which one?
Which train?
the train…
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE:
…that my classmates were on
 It begins with a relative pronoun (關係代名詞): (who,
whom, whose, that, or which) or a relative adverb (關係副
詞: when, where, or why)…. However, in some adjective
clauses (Type 2 in the next slide), the relative pronoun can
be dropped.
The adjective clause will follow one of
these two patterns:
TYPE 1: RELATIVE PRONOUN AS SUBJECT OF CLAUSE
(The relative pronoun CANNOT be omitted.)
Example: I love the person who gave me the
bracelet.
TYPE 2: RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT OF CLAUSE
(The relative pronoun can be omitted.)
Example: I love the bracelet [that] you gave
me.
關係代名詞當受詞用時通常可以省略， 但若其前面有介系詞或逗點時，則不可以省略。
Chinese-to-English translation:
TYPE 1: VERB + 的 (NO SUBJECT)
 剛剛經過的那個學生
 the student who just passed by
 NEEDS A RELATIVE PRONOUN TO BE THE SUBJECT—
 (YOU CANNOT LEAVE OUT that/which/who… UNLESS YOU CAN
REDUCE THE CLAUSE TO A PARTICIPLE PHRASE SEE SLIDE 12 )
2: SUBJECT +VERB
TYPE
T
你剛剛經過的那個學生
the student [whom] you just passed [by]
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN CAN BE OMITTED
(YOU CAN LEAVE OUT that/which/whom)
Translate the following adjective clauses.
Which clauses have
subjects?
English translation:
 想去中國的人
 妳推薦的那本書
to go to go
China
 people want
who want
to China
 the book [that] you recommended
 一隻會打乒乓球的狗
 a dog that can play pingpong
 他今天所穿的西裝
 the suit [that] he is wearing today
 在俄羅斯墜落的隕石
 the meteorite that fell in Russia
 震憾世界的七日
 seven days that shocked the world
 沒有人能否認的一個事實  a fact [that] no one can deny
Can you combine the sentences by making
one into a subordinate clause?
 One employee made a
mistake.
 The mistake cost our
company thousands of
dollars.

 One
One employee
employee made
made aa
mistake
mistake cost
that our
cost our
company thousands
company thousands
of dollars.
of dollars.
Can you combine the sentences by making
one into a subordinate clause?
 I want to talk to a person
at your store.
 The person sold me an
iPhone last week.
 II want
want to
to talk
talk to
to the
the

person at
at your
your store
store who
person
sold me
me an
an iPhone
iPhone last
last
sold
week.
Textbook, p. 208. Exercise 3
1. Last month, Charlie fell in love with Amy. He had
been introduced to her by some friends.
Last month, Charlie fell in love with Amy, who had
been introduced to him by some friends.
2. She had a number of positive characteristics. Charlie
found these characteristics quite attractive.
She had a number of positive characteristics that
Charlie found attractive.
Textbook, p. 208. Exercise 3
3. She has a responsible position in a company. The
company produces computer programs.
She has a responsible position in a company that
produces computer programs.
4. Information technology is a fast-growing field.
Charlie is also interested in information technology.
Information technology is a fast-growing field that
Charlie is also interested in.
Textbook, p. 208. Exercise 3
5. Hobbies involve athletics and being outdoors. Both
of them like these hobbies.
Both of them like hobbies that involve athletics and
being outdoors.
6. Charlie introduced the woman to his parents. He had
been dating the woman for several weeks.
Charlie introduced the woman, whom he had been
dating for several weeks, to his parents.
Textbook, p. 208. Exercise 3
7. She has a wonderful sense of humor. This makes
their times together relaxing and enjoyable.
She has a wonderful sense of humor that makes their
times together relaxing and enjoyable.
8. From the first time they met, Charlie felt there was a
special understanding between them. He was
unable to explain this understanding.
From the first time they met, Charlie felt there was a
special understanding between them that he was
unable to explain.
Reducing an adjective clause into a
participle phrase
If a an adjective clause contains the BE verb with a participle
(-ing or –ed form of the) verb, you can change it into a
participle phrase by dropping the relative pronoun and the BE
verb:
the students [who are] standing in the hallway 
the students standing in the hallway
the houses [that were] destroyed by the earthquake 
the houses destroyed by the earthquake
Can you combine the sentences by making
one into a subordinate clause?
 Two children were sitting
next to me.
 They were playing
computer games.
 The two children [who
were] sitting next to
me were playing
computer games.
Verb agreement
 An adjective clause is related by the relative pronoun to a
noun in the main clause (called the antecedent).
 If the noun is the subject of the clause and is singular, the
verb in the adjective clause must be singular; if the noun
is plural, the verb in the adjective clause must be plural.
一位想去中國的人 a person who wants to go to China
想去中國的人 people who want to go to China
Choosing
who, whom, whose, that, which
When the noun is a person:
 use who (Type 1 Adjective Clause) or whom (Type 2
Adjective Clause)
當選的候選人 (present tense, singular)
The candidate who is elected
我非常佩服的一個人
A person [whom] I admire greatly
NOTE: Americans rarely use whom in speaking.
If the noun is not a person, use:
 that [or which] if the clause is restrictive (限定子句):
--answers the question “What kind?” or “Which?”
The drug[that/ which] I am taking is new…
 which if the clause is non-restrictive (非限定子句):
--just adds additional information-The drug, which was developed by a Swiss
pharmaceutical company, has few side effects.
Choosing who, whom, whose, that, which…
…according to the MOE:
hsmaterial.moe.edu.tw/file/en/G_14/G_14_3/G_14_3.ppt
主格
受格
所有格
人
who
whom
whose
事物 或 動物
which
which
whose
人+事物 或 動物
that
that
…according to authorities in English :
主格
受格
所有格
人
who
whom
whose
事物 或 動物
that / which
that/ which
whose
人+事物 或 動物
that
that
Punctuation of adjective clauses
 Don’t use commas if the clause is restrictive (限定子句)—
necessary to identify or define the person, thing, group, etc. :
The teacher decided to give the students who had failed
the test a second chance.
 Use commas if the clause is non-restrictive (非限定子句)—
just adding extra information:
The students, who had all failed the test, were very
depressed.
Who cares about a few commas?...
… Well, you tell me—who has to take the final exam?
1. The students in your class who have perfect grammar
do not have to take the final examination.
Probably none of the students in your class have perfect grammar, so it
is likely that all of you have to take the final examination.
2. The students in your class, who have perfect grammar,
do not have to take the final examination.
Incredibly, all of the students in your class have perfect grammar, so
none of you have to take the final examination.
 Who said that commas don’t make a difference?
Chinese-to-EnglishTranslation
Be careful with sentences that begin with有:
有些人會散發出
(蚊子偏好的)氣味。
an odor that mosquitoes prefer
There are some people give off an odor that mosquitoes prefer.
Some people give off an odor [a scent] that mosquitoes prefer.
Chinese-to-EnglishTranslation
(想到的)第一個人選就是你。
Google Translator:
Think the first person selected.
The first candidate think of is you.
The first person I/we thought of [for the position] was you.
You were the first person I/we thought of.
Textbook, p. 209, Exercise 5
1. I read a book that it was published last year.
I read a book that it was published last year.
2. I saw an article which your professor wrote it.
I saw an article which your professor wrote it.
3. Jeff and Matt have been living in the city of San
Francisco, that is located in San Francisco, that is
located in California, since 1990.
Jeff and Matt have been living in the city of San
Francisco, that which is located in California, that is
located in California, since 1990.
Textbook, p. 209, Exercise 5
4. This the person to whom Charlie gave her flowers.
This the person to whom Charlie gave her flowers.
5. I met the person who Charlie told me about her.
I met the person [who(m)] Charlie told me about her.
6. The teacher that I studied with her has become quite
famous.
The teacher [that (whom)] I studied with her has
become quite famous.
Textbook, p. 209, Exercise 5
7. The money that you loaned me some last week is
there on the table.
The money that you loaned me some last week is there
on the table.
8. The resort that we read about it in the newspaper is
becoming more and more popular.
The resort that we read about it in the newspaper is
becoming more and more popular.
Textbook, p. 209, Exercise 5
9. The people whom I visited them last year are coming
here for a visit.
The people whom I visited them last year are coming
here for a visit.
10. My father, that lives in San Diego, loves sailing.
My father, that who lives in San Diego, loves sailing.