Transcript Grammar Notebook Part One - cathyeagle

Grammar Notebook Part One
Verbs
Verb Facts: The Most Important
Words in Any Sentence
• What is a verb?
– Denotes an action or a state of being
– Essential to the sentence because it’s what is
happening!
Examples:
Types of Verbs
• Helping Verbs:
– In English, helping verbs tell when a verb is
happening ( was, is, had,have et al.)
– Latin never uses helping verbs; we use endings to
show when a verb happens
• Example
– Rex was laughing. Rex ridebat.
– Rex will laugh.
Rex ridebit.
Types of Verbs
• Linking verbs: show a state of being and link
two ideas
– Acts like a chain or an equals mark (=)
– The most common linking verb is sum ,esse, fui,
futurus in all its lovely forms
– Example
• Rex is a boy. (Rex = boy) Rex est puer
Types of Verbs
• Transitive verb: action verb which takes a direct object
( a noun that answers who or what after the verb)
– The action transfers to another word
– Example
• Rex hits Claudius. Rex Claudium pulsat.
• Intransitive verb: action verb that cannot take an
object
– The action stops at the verb and does not cross over to a
noun.
– Example
• Rex is sleeping. Rex dormit.
Agreement
• A singular verb must have a singular subject; a
plural verb must have a plural subject.
– Compound subjects are usually treated as plural
subjects
– Examples
• The girl is running. Puella currit
• The girls are running. Puellae currunt.
Principal Parts
• Most verb have four principal parts, always listed in a
specific order. These parts are used to make all the
other verb forms.
• Notice the patterns
– 1st principal part ends with “o”
• Used for present tense
– 2nd ends with “re”
• Present infinitive; used for present, imperfect, future
– 3rd end with “I”
• Perfect active; used for perfect, pluperfect, future perfect active
– 4th ends with “um” or “us”
• Perfect participle; used for perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
passive
Conjugations
• The conjugation of a verb is determined by
the second principal part (infinitive)
– ARE = 1st
– *ERE = 2nd (1st pp. will end with “eo”)
– ERE = 3rd
– IO, ERE = 3rd IO
– IRE = 4th
Qualities of a Verb
• Number
– Singular or plural
• Person
– 1st = I, we
– 2nd = you
– 3rd = he,she, it, they
Qualities of a verb
• Voice: active or passive
– Refers to relationship between subject and verb
– Active voice : subject performs the verb
• Aurelia sells the slave. Aurelia vendit servum
– Passive Voice: The subject does not perform the verb
but the verb happens to the subject
• The slave is sold by Aurelia. Servus venditur ab Aurelia
• The person or thing doing the verb goes into the ablative.
– No preposition for things (means), “a, ab” for people (personal
agent)
– Miles vulneratur gladio.
– Miles vulneratur ab amico.
Qualities of a Verb
• Mood
– Indicative = states a fact or asks a question
– Imperative = makes a command
– Subjunctive = special clauses
• Tense
– Shows when the verb happens
– Present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect,
future perfect
Tense Continuum
• Pluperfect: in the past before something else in
the past (August 24)
• Perfect : completed in the past (august 25)
• Present : now (august 26)
• Future perfect: before something else in the
future (august 27)
• Future : in the future (august 28)
• Imperfect: in the past over a span of time ( august
24 and August 25)
Tense Continuum
• Pluperfect : He had taken a shower before he ate
breakfast
• Perfect: He ate breakfast
• Present: He is walking to the car.
• Future Perfect: He will have driven twenty miles
before he returns home.
• Future: He will return home
• Imperfect: He was driving to school behind a very
slow bus.
Verb Bases
• Present Tense : Use infinitive
– Exception : 1st sing passive use 1st pp.
– Are = remove the “re”
• Exception : 1st person singular remove the “are” active
– *ere = remove the “re”
– Ere = remove “ere” , add “I”
• Exception : 3rd person pl add “u” instead of “I”
– Io, -ere = remove “ere” , add “I”
• Exception: 3rd person pl add “iu”
– Ire = remove “re”
• Exception: 3rd person pl. remove “re” , add “u”
Verb bases
• Imperfect : use infinitive
– Are = remove “re”
– *ere = remove “re”
– Ere = remove “re”
– Io, ere = remove “ere” add “ie”
– Ire = remove “re” add “e”
Verb bases
• Future: Use infinitive
– Are = remove “re”
– *ere = remove “re”
– Ere = remove “ere”
– Io, ere = remove “ere”, add “I”
• Exception : 2nd person singular don’t add “i”
• Ire = remove “re”
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
active
• 3rd principal part minus “I”
– Usually leaves one of the following before the
ending
–U
–V
–S
–X
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
passive
• 4th principal part minus “us” or “um”
Present active Indicative
• Endings
–
–
–
–
–
–
o=I
s = you
t = he, she, it
mus = we
tis = you pl.
nt = they
1st sing
2nd sing
3rd sing
1st pl
2nd pl
3rd pl
• Translations
– Verb __________, is, am, are ____ing, do, does ____
Present passive indicative
• Endings
–
–
–
–
–
–
R = I am _____ed
Ris = you are ______ed
Tur = he, she, it is _______ed
Mur = we are _______ed
Mini = you pl. are ______ed
Ntur = they are _______ed
• Translations
– Is, am, are ______ed,
– Is, am, are being _______ed
Imperfect active Indicative
• Endings
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Bam = I
Bas = you
Bat = he, she,, it
Bamus = we
Batis = you pl.
Bant = they
Translations must show action over a period of time in
the past, habitual or continuous
• Was/were, used to, kept on, began to, past tense
Imperfect passive indicative
• Endings
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Bar = I
Baris = you
Batur = he, she, it
Bamur = we
Bamini = you pl
Bantur = they
Translations:
• Was/were being ______ed, kept on being _______ed, used
to be _______ed, began to be ______ed
Future Active Indicative for –are, *ere
(1st and 2nd conjugations
• Endings
–
–
–
–
–
–
Bo
Bis
Bit
Bimus
Bitis
Bunt
I will
you will
he, she, it will
we will
you pl. will
they will
• Translations: will, shall
• Must show action to occur in the future
Future Passive Indicative for –are, *ere
• Endings
– Bor
– Beris
– Bitur
– Bimur
– Bimini
– Buntur
I will be -----ed
you will be ----ed
he, she, it will be-----ed
we will be-----ed
you pl. will be ----ed
they will be-----ed
• Translations: will be -----ed, shall be ----ed
Future Active Indicative for ere, ire
(3rd, 3rd io, 4th)
• Endings
– am
– es*
– et*
– emus*
– etis*
– ent
I will
you will
he, she, it will
we will
you pl. will
they will
• Translation : will, shall
Future Passive Indicative for –ere, -ire
(3rd, 3rd io, 4th)
• Endings
– ar
– eris
– etur
– emur
– emini
– entur
I will be ----ed
you will be ----ed
he, she, it will be ----ed
we will be -----ed
you pl will be -----ed
they will be -----ed
– Translations: will be _____ed, shall be ____ed
Perfect Active Indicative
• Endings
–
–
–
–
–
–
i
isti`
it
imus
istis
erunt
i
you
he, she, it
we
you pl
they
• Usually preceded by u,v,s,x from the 3rd pp.
• Translations: ----ed, past tense, has/have ---ed,
did –
– Must show action completed in the past
Perfect Passive Indicative
• 4th principal part minus “us”
– Singular
• -us,-a,-um sum
• -us, -a, -um es
• -us,-a, -um est
•
•
•
•
Plural
-i, -ae, -a sumus
i, -ae, -a estis
i, -ae, -a sunt
I was _____ed, have been ___ed
you were ____ed, have been __ed
he, she, it was ___ed, has been
__ed
we were –ed, have been –ed
you were ---ed, have been –ed
they were –ed, have been --ed
• The 4th principal part must be adjusted so that
it agrees with the subject in gender, number,
and case.
– Marcus was wounded
– Marcus vulneratus est.
– Silvia was wounded.
– Silvia vulnerata est.
– The men were wounded.
– Viri vulnerati sunt
Pluperfect Active Indicative
• Endings
–
–
–
–
–
–
eram
eras
erat
eramus
eratis
erant
I
you
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they
• Translation: had ----ed
• Must show action completed in the past before another action
• The endings must be attached to the 3rd pp minus “I”; cannot be by
itself or it’s the imperfect of sum
– Ambulaveram in silva. I had walked in the woods.
– Eram in silva.
I was in the woods.
Pluperfect passive Indicative
• 4th principal part minus “us” or “um”
• Singular
– -us, a, um eram
– -us,-a, -um eras
– -us,-a, -um erat
I
you
he, she, it
• Plural
– -i,-ae, -a eramus we
– -i, -ae, -a eratis you pl.
– -i, -ae, -a erant
they
• Translation: had been -----ed
• Fourth pp. must be adjusted to agree with
subject in gender, number, and case
– Marcus had been seen.
– Marcus visus erat.
– Cornelia had been seen.
– Cornelia visa erat.
Future Perfect Indicative
• Endings
–
–
–
–
–
–
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erint
I will have
you will have
he,she, it will have
we will have
you pl will have
they will have
• Translations: will have ----ed, shall have ----ed
• Must show action that occurs in the future before
something else in the future
• Frequently used in conditional (if) clauses
Future perfect passive
• Endings 4th principal part minus “us” plus
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Singular
-us,-a, -um ero
-us,-a, -um eris
-us, -a, -um erit
Plural
-i, -ae,-a erimus
-i. –ae, -a eritis
-i, -ae, -a erunt
I
you
he,she, it
we
you pl.
they
• Translations: will have been ---ed, shall have been –ed
• 4th pp. must be adjusted to agree with subject in gender,
number, and case
Pronoun Subjects for Active
•
•
•
•
•
•
O/M/I = I
S/ISTI = you
T=
he,she, it
MUS = we
TIS =
you pl
NT =
they
Tense signs and translations for active
• BA = was,were,usedto, kept on, began to
• BO, BI, BU, A, E = will, shall
• U,S,V,X, followed by I, ERU = past tense, have,
has, did
• ERA = had
• ERO,ERI = will have, shall have
• A,E,I,U = is, am, are, do, does
Pronoun subjects for passive
•
•
•
•
•
•
R = I
RIS = you
TUR = he, she, it
MUR = we
MINI = you pl
NTUR = they
Tense sign and translation for passive
• BA = was/were being ---ed, kept on being --ed, used to be –ed, began to be ---ed
(imperfect)
• BI, BE, BU (are, *ere) or A, E (ere, ire) = will be
---ed (future)
• A, I, E, U = are,is, am ----ed (present)
Passive Person
Part One
• Us = masc sing
• A = fem sing
• Um = neuter sing
• I = masc. Pl.
• Ae = fem pl
• A = neut pl
Passive Tense Sign for Two Part Verbs:
Part Two
• Su
or
e
– Was/were -----ed
– Has/have been -----ed
• Era
– Had been ---ed
• Eri
– Will have been ----ed
•
•
•
•
Part three
m/o = I
S
= you
T
= he,she, it
• Mus = we
• Tis = you pl
• Nt = they
Irregular verbs
• Use the personal endings (o/m,s,t,mus, tis, nt
or r,ris,tur,mur,mini, ntur)
– Base is the irregular part
• Mainly irregular in the present tense:
– Sometimes irregular in future and imperfect
– No irregular verbs in perfect, pluperfect, future
perfect
Irregular Verbs
• Very commonly used verbs
– Sum, esse, fui, futurus
• To be: linking verb
– Possum, posse, potui
• Be able, can
• Always used with an infinitive
– Volo, velle, volui
• To wish
– Fero, ferre, tuli, latum
• To bring, to carry
– Malo, malle, malui
• To prefer
– Nolo, nolle, nolui
• Don’t want
– Eo, ire, ivi, itus
• go
Irregular verbs: Sum, esse, fui, futurus
• Most common verb in Latin
• Linking verb
• Irregular in the present indicative and
subjunctive, imperfect indicative, future
indicative, and in its principal parts
• Regular in perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
both indicative and subjunctive
– Base = fu
Irregular verbs: Sum, esse, fui, futurus
• Present indicative
– sum
– es
– est
Present subjunctive
sumus
estis
sunt
• Imperfect Indicative
– Eram
– Eras
– Erat
eramus
eratis
erant
• Future indicative
– Ero
– Eris
– Erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
sim
sis
sit
simus
sitis
sint
Irregular Verbs: Possum, posse, potui
• Definition: Be able, can
– Always used with a complementary infinitive
• Irregular in the present indicative and
subjunctive, imperfect indicative, and future
indicative; usually like sum just with pot in
front
• Regular in all other tenses
Irregular Verbs : possum
• Present Indicative
– Possum
– Potes
– Potest
Present Subjunctive
possumus
potestis
possunt
• Imperfect Indicative
– Poteram poteramus
– Poteras
poteratis
– Poterat
poterant
• Future Indicative
– Potero
– Poteris
– Poterit
poterimus
poteritis
poterunt
possim
possis
possit
possimus
possitis
possint
Irregular verbs: volo, nolo, malo
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Present tense indicative active
Volo
nolo
malo
Vis
non vis
mavis
Vult
non vult mavult
Volumus
nolumus malumus
Vultis
non vultis mavultis
Volunt
nolunt
malunt
Volo, nolo, malo
• Imperfect bases:
– Vole
– Nole
– male
• Future Tense bases: treat like 3rd
conjugation(ere)
– Vol
– Nol
– Mal
Volo, nolo, malo
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Present active subjunctive
Velim
nolim
Velis
nolis
Velit
nolit
Velimus
nolimus
Velitis
nolitis
Velint
nolint
malim
malis
malit
malimus
malitis
malint
Irregular Verbs: Fero, ferre, tuli, latum
• Present Active Indicative
– Fero
– Fers
– Fert
ferimus
fertis
ferunt
• Imperfect base: fere
• Future base:
fer
– Use 3rd conjugation
• Present subjunctive: treat like 3rd conjugation
Irregular verbs: eo, ire, ivi, itus
• Present Indicative Active
– Eo
– Is
– It
imus
it is
eunt
– Imperfect base: i
– Future base: i
• Use bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt
Imperatives
• States a command
– Can be negative or positive
– Always treated like a second person verb
• Can be singular or plural
– Frequently used with vocative nouns
• Formation
– Singular: Remove “re” from infinitive
• Exceptions
–
–
–
–
Dicere = dic
Ducere = duc
Facere = fac
Ferre = fer
Imperative
• Examples
– Vocare = Voca!
– Sedere* = Sede!
– Recumbere = recumbe!
– Venire = veni!
– Stare = sta!
Imperative Plurals
• Remove “re” from the infinitive and add “te”
– Exception
• 3rd conjugation (ere)
• Remove “ere” add “ite”
– Examples
•
•
•
•
•
Dare = date!
Sedere* = sedete!
Ducere = ducite
Facere = facite
Audire = audite
Negative imperatives
• Singular
– Noli with the infinitive
• Noli dicere!
Don’t talk!
• Plural
– Nolite with the infinitive
• Nolite dicere!
Don’t talk!
Deponent Verbs
• Deponent verbs are special verbs that have only
passive forms but active translations.
– Example locutus sum I was talking
• They only have three principal parts and follow the –r, i, - us/um sum pattern.
– Example loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak
• Follow the same rules for bases and endings as for
normal verbs, just don’t ever make an active form.
– For 3rd conjugation you have to remake the present active
infinitive. Take the “i” off the 2nd pp. and add “ere”; then
just follow the normal rules.
Deponent verbs
What are they? How do they
function? What do you need to
know about them?
What is a Deponent Verb?
• Special verbs with passive forms but active
meanings
Secutus est He followed.
Recognize by having only three forms in the vocabulary
listing
----r, ---i,----us sum
conor, conari, conatus sum try deponent
tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatus try not
deponent
Deponent Imperatives
• For most deponent verbs, take the second
principal part:
– Remove the “I”
– Add “e”
– Will look like an infinitive but translate like a
command
• Conor, conari, conatus sum Conare! Try!
Deponent imperatives for 3rd
conjugation
• For third conjugation deponents:
– Recognize by not having “r” before the “i” on the
second principal part
– Remove the “I”
– Add “ere”
– Example
• Sequor, sequi,secutus sum = sequere Follow!
Active forms for deponents
• Future infinitive
– Secuturum esse to be about to follow
• Present participle
– Sequens, sequentis following
• Future Participle
– Secuturus, -a, -um about to follow
• Gerund
– Sequendum following
• Perfect Participle
– Secutus, -a, -um having followed
First Conjugation Vocabulary list for
deponents
Hortor, hortari, hortatus sum urge, encourage
• Arbitror, -ari, -atus sum
think
• Conor, -ari, -atus sum
try
• Miror, -ari, -atus sum
wonder
• Moror, -ari, -atus sum
delay
• Recordor, -ari, -atus sum
recall
• Vagor,-ari, -atus sum
wander
• Osculor, -ari, -atus sum
kiss
Second conjugation
•
•
•
•
Fateor, fateri, fassus sum
confess
Confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum confess
Polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum promise
Vereor, vereri, veritus sum
fear
Third conjugation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak
Nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum find, obtain
Nascor, nasci, natus sum
be born
Proficiscor, profisci, profectus sum set out
Sequor, sequi, secutus sum
follow
Utor, uti, usus sum
use
Third conjugation
• Collabor, collabi, collapsus sum collapse
• Consequor, consequi, consecutus sum catch
up to, overtake
3rd io conjugation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gradior, gradi, gressus sum walk
Egredior, egredi, egressus sum go out, leave
Morior, mori, mortuus sum
die
Patior, pati, passus sum
endure, suffer
Ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum go in, enter
Regredior, regredi, regressus sum go back, return
Fourth conjugation
• Experior, experiri, expertus sum test, try
• Orior, oriri, ortus sum
rise
• Potior, potiri, potitus sum
get
possession of
Deponent verbs
• You will usually translate it correctly because it
won’t make sense otherwise.
• Will not be used with ablative of personal
agent (a,ab plus ablative)
– Ingredior villam a via. I am entering the house
from the street.
• I am being entered the house by the street. makes no
sense.
Semi-Deponent Verbs
A small group of verbs which are deponent only the the
perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses
Three principal parts
-o, -e, -us sum
Most commonly used semi-deponents are
audeo, audere*, ausus sum dare
gaudeo, gaudere*, gavisus sum rejoice
soleo, solere*, solitus sum be accustomed
Deponents 2
• They have a perfect active participle which is
really useful. Normal verbs don’t have this.
– i.e. Caesar, ausus negare senatum, fiat dictator
• Caesar, having dared to deny the senate, became
dictator.
• Ausus because it is semi-deponent is translated actively
(having dared) when a regular verb would only have a
perfect passive participle (having been dared) which
completely changes your sentence
Subjunctives
Special verbs in special clauses
Present Active Subjunctive Endings
•
•
•
•
Singular
M
= I
S
= you
T
= he, she, it
•
•
•
•
Plural
MUS = we
Tis = you pl
Nt = they
Present Passive Subjunctives
•
•
•
•
Singular
R = I
Ris = you
Tur = he,she, it
•
•
•
•
Plural
Mur = we
Mini = you pl.
Ntur = they
Bases for present subjunctives
• 1st conjugation (are)
– Remove ARE and add E
• Amare = amem
• 2nd conjugation (ēre)
– Remove RE add A
• Debēre = debeam
• 3rd conjugation (ere)
– Remover ERE add A
• Ducere – ducam
• .
• 3rd io (io, -ere)
• Remove ERE, add IA
• Capio, capere = capiam
• 4th conjugation (ire)
– Remove “RE” add “A”
• Audire = audiam
She wears a diamond tiara
The Irregular Present Subjunctive for
sum and possum
sum
• Sim
• Sis
• Sit
• Simus
• Sitis you pl
• Sint
I
you
he, she, it
we
they
possum
• possim
• possis
• possit
it
• possimus
• possitis
• possint
I
you
he, she,
we
you pl
they
IMPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
• Endings
– M = I was…ing, …..ed
– S= you were …ing, ….ed
– T = he, she it was …ing, …ed
– MUS = we were …ing, …ed
– TIS = you plural were …ing, …ed
– NT = they were ….ing, …ed
• Translate to show that the action happened at the
same time or after the main verb
Imperfect active subjunctive
• BASE
– Use the whole infinitive; don’t add or subtract any
letters
• Just connect the subjunctive ending
–
–
–
–
–
–
Amarem
Amares
Amaret
Amaremus
Amaretis
Amarent
Imperfect active subjunctive
• Recognition
– Most imperfect subjunctives will have RE before the
personal ending because most infinitives end with RE
– Some very common verbs have irregular infinitives.
Memorize these so that you can recognize their imperfect
subjunctive
•
•
•
•
•
Sum, esse, fui
Possum, posse, potui
Volo, velle, volui
Nolo, nolle, nolui
Malo, malle, malui
IMPERFECT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
• ENDINGS
–r
– ris
– tur
– mur
– mini
– ntur
I
You
He, she, it
We
You pl
They
imperfect passive subjunctive
• Base = whole infinitive
• Translation should show the action occurs at the
same time or after the verb and is not performed by
the subject.
• Example
–
–
–
–
–
–
amarer
I was loved
amarerisyou were loved
amaretur
he, she, it was loved
amaremur
we were loved
amaremini
you pl were loved
amarentur
they were loved
Perfect Active Subjunctive for all verbs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Base = 3rd principal part minus “I”
Endings
singular
Erim
I
Eris
you
Erit
he, she, it
Plural
Erimus
we
Eritis
you pl
Erint
they
Perfect Passive Subjunctive:Uses the two part verb system
– first part is the 4th
principal part
functioning as an
adjective and agreeing in
gender, number, and
case with the subject
• us,-a, -um singular
• i, -ae,- a plural
– second part is the
present subjunctive of
sum
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sim
Sis
Sit
Simus
Sitis
sint
• Example
• Amatus sis
– You ( male) were loved
• amatus, -a, - um sim I was loved
• amatus, -a, -um sis you were loved
• amatus, -a, -um sit
he, she, it was loved
• amati, -ae, -a simuswe were loved
• amati, -ae, -a sitis you pl were loved
• amati, -ae, -a sint they were loved
PLUPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
• ENDINGS
– ISSEM
I HAD
– ISSES
YOU HAD
– ISSET
HE, SHE, IT HAD
– ISSEMUS
WE HAD
– ISSETIS
YOU PLURAL HAD
– ISSENT THEY HAD
PLUPERFECT ACTIVE SUBUNCTIVE
• BASE
– 3rd principal part minus I
• There are no irregulars
• Example amo, amare, amavi, amatus
–
–
–
–
–
–
Amavissem
Amavisses
Amavisset
Amavissemus
Amavissetis
Amavissent
• Translate to show the action took place before the
main verb; HAD is usually safe but there are other
options.
PLUPERFECT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE:uses the two part verb system
– first part is the 4th
principal part
functioning as an
adjective and agreeing in
gender, number, and
case with the subject
• us,-a, -um singular
• i, -ae,- a plural
– second part is the
imperfect subjunctive of
sum
•
•
•
•
•
•
essem
esses
esset
essemus
essetis
essent
sample pluperfect passive
• amatus, -a, - um essem I had been loved
• amatus, -a, -um esses
you had been loved
• amatus, -a, -um esset
he, she, it had been
loved
• amati, -ae, -a essemus
we had been loved
• amati, -ae, -a essetis you pl had been loved
• amat-, -ae, -a essent they had been loved
PURPOSE CLAUSES
• POSITIVE PURPOSE ( POSITIVE MEANS IT
HAPPENS)
– INTRODUCED BY UT
– SHOWS THE PURPOSE OF AN ACTION
• EXAMPLE
–Plinius scripsit ut laudaret suam
uxorem.
–Pliny wrote so that he might praise his
wife.
PURPOSE CLAUSES
• NEGATIVE PURPOSE ( WON’T HAPPEN)
– INTRODUCED BY NE
– SHOWS THE PURPOSE OF NOT DOING AN ACTION
– EXAMPLE
• Cicero comprehendit Catilinae manum ne patriam
vastarent.
• Cicero arrested Catilina’s band of men so that they
would not destroy the country.
ADVERBIAL PURPOSE
• INTRODUCED BY UBI
• SHOWS WHY THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE
AS DONE SOMETHING
• EXAMPLE
• Cicero tempus exspectabat ubi Catilinam verbis
oppugnaret.
• Cicero was awaiting a time when he might attack
Catilina with words.
Relative clause of purpose
• Introduced by a form of qui, quae, quod
• Gives the purpose more closely connected with a
noun or pronoun than a verb
• Example
– Cicero accepit epistulam quae explicaret Catilinae
coniurationem.
– Cicero received a letter to explain Catilina’s conspiracy
– Cicero received a letter which explained Catilina’s
conspiracy.
Sequence of tenses
Primary tenses (present, future,
future perfect)
Secondary Tenses (imperfect,
perfect, pluperfect)
If the main verb is a primary
tense, use the following
subjunctives to show proper
relationship to the main verb:
same time/after:
present subjunctive
before: perfect
subjunctive
• If the main verb is a
secondary tense, use the
following subjunctives to
show proper relationship to
the main verb:
– same time/after:
imperfect subjunctive
– Before: pluperfect
Sequence of tenses
• Caesar wrote the Gallic Commentaries so that
people would not forget him.
• Sallust wrote so that he might explain the
Catiline conspiracy.
• Brutus was awaiting a time when he might
betray Caesar with a knife
Result Clauses
• Shows the result of the main verb
– Madge was so angry that she threw a platter at Herb.
• Introduced by ut for something that did, will, or could
happen
• Introduced by ut plus a negative (ne, non, nullus, et al.)
for something that did not, will not, could not happen
• The main clause will usually contain a word that means
“so” such as tam, sic, talis, tantus, tot, adeo;
• These words should act as signals that a result clause is
coming.
– Pompeuis Iuliam tam amavit ut civitatem neglegaret.
Cum Clauses
• Temporal: establishes the time when
something occurs
– Verb will be indicative
– Cum translated as when
• Circumstantial: explain the circumstances
under which something occurs
– Verb will be subjunctive
– Cum translated as since or when
Cum Clauses continued
• Causal: explains the reason something
happens
• Verb will be subjunctive
• cum will translate as since or because
• Concessive: explains something that may
have blocked or hindered the main verb
– Verb will be subjunctive
– Cum will translate as although
Subjunctives in Indirect Speech
• Indirect questions
– Whenever a question is reported in a statement, this
is an indirect statement.
• I know what you are planning. Scio quid facias.
– The main verb wil be a verb or asking or telling such as
rogo, peto, quaero
– The verb of the question portion will be subjunctive.
– The question portion will be introduced by an
interrogative word such as ubi, cur, quare, quo. Quis,
quid, quo modo, quantus, qualis et al.
Subjunctives in Indirect speech
• Indirect command: reports a direct command
– Command portion will be subjunctive
– Main verb will be a verb of commanding or
persuading such as mando, impero, persuadeo,
suadeo, moneo, oro, et al
– The command portion will be introduced by ut for
positive, ne for negative
• Caesar imperavit milites ut hostem oppugnaret.
Subjunctives in Indirect Speech
• Clauses of fearing: with verbs or expressions
of fear, what is feared will use the subjunctive
– Use ne if you fear something will happen
• Calupurnia timet ne Caesar interfectus esset a
Bruto.
Use ut if you fear something will not happen.
Brutus timet ut civitas supersit.
Expression of Fear
Words of fear
timeo, timere, timui
vereor, vereri, veritus sum
metus, metus
pavor, pavoris
terror, terroris
extimesco, extimescere,
extimui
pertimesco, pertimescere,
pertimui
formido, formidinis
formido, formidare
timor, timoris
Subordinate clauses in indirect
discourse
• If you have a subordinate clause such as a relative
clause inside an indirect statement, indirect
question, or indirect command, put the verb of
the indirect statement in the subjunctive
• These sentences usually have three verbs.
– Turducken sentences
• Caesar ordered the soliders to attack the enemy who was
hiding in the ditch.
– Ordered main clause
– Attack indirect command
– Hiding discourse
Relative Clause of Characteristic
• Characterizes or describes a general or
indefinite antecedent
• Common after phrases such as est qui, sunt
qui, nemo est qui, quis est qui
• Use a subjunctive verb for the relative clause
part
• Usually translate as
– Of that sort, the kind that …..
– Quis est cliens quo interficiat suum patronum?
Anticipation
• When an action is anticipated, when dum
means until, and antequam or priusquam
means before, use the subjuntive.
• If these words introduce an actual fact, use
the indicative.
Conditionals
• Introduced by mostly by si, nisi, an
• Simple Conditions will probably happen and use
indicative verbs regardless of the tense.
• If Caesar conquers Gaul, he will be powerful
• Si Caesar vincit Galliam, erit potens.
• Future Conditionals can be one of two types:
more vivid which will probably happen and uses
future perfect and future indicative verbs and less
vivid which is not likely to happen and uses the
present subjunctive.
Conditionals Continued
• More Vivid
– If she sees him, she will run.
• Si viderit eum, curret.
• Less Vivid
– If she should see him, she would run.
• Si videat eum, currat.
• The writer uses the grammar to inform the
reader of the likelihood of the conditional
occurring.
Conditionals continued
• Contrary to Fact
– Cannot happen or will not happen
– Use imperfect subjuncive if English present
– Use pluperfect subjunctive for past
– If I were you, I would not do that.
• Si essem te, ego non facerem id.
– If I had known the facts, I would have acted more
quickly.
• Si cognovissem facta, egissem celerius.
Main Verb Subjunctive: Hortatory
• Expresses a mild command or exhortation
• Uses only the present subjuncitves
• No introductory word for positive; use ne for
negative
• Translate with let or may
– Ludi incipiant. Let the games begin.
• Frequently used for blessing and curses
Main Verb Subjunctive: Deliberative
Questions
• Rhetorical questions implying doubt,
indignation, surprise or impossibility
• Usually introduced by an interrogative
pronoun, adverb, or adjective
• The writer is not expecting an answer.
• Example
– Why would anyone trust Brutus now?
– Cur aliquis credat Bruto nunc?
Main verb Subjunctive: Optative
• Expresses a wish
• If the wish can come true, use the present
subjunctive.
• If the wish cannot come true, use imperfect
subjunctive for present, pluperfect for past
• Frequently introduced by utinam
• Utinam Caesar non credidisset Bruto
• If only Caesar had not trusted Brutus