Transcript grammar_notesx

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A NOUN is a word that names a PERSON,
PLACE, or a THING
Nouns can name things that we can touch,
taste, see, hear, feel, and smell – these are
called CONCRETE NOUNSn
Nouns also name things we cannot touch,
taste, see, hear, feel, or smell. These are
called ABSTRACT NOUNS
The following sentences give examples of both
an abstract noun and a concrete noun:
1. I can’t see love, but I can see a wedding
ring.
2. I can’t see chaos, but I can see a tornado.
3. I can’t see happiness, but I can see a smile.
4. I can’t hear anger, but I can hear yelling.
CONCRETE NOUNS are nouns that are names
for people, places, and things that you can
touch, taste, see, hear, feel, and smell.
 There are two kinds of Concrete Nouns:
GENERAL and SPECIFIC
General nouns are words that name different
groups of things.
Specific nouns are words that name different
particular things.
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animal is a general noun.
Bullfrog is a specific noun.
 city is a general noun.
Seattle is a specific noun.
 country is a general noun.
Australia is a specific noun.
 person is a general noun.
George Washington is a specific noun.
 movie is a general noun.
Star Wars is a specific noun
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VERBS are words that refer to ACTIONS or
STATES OF BEING
Action verbs often are followed in a sentence
by a direct object or an indirect object.
Direct Objects
 Snow White bit the apple, “apple” is the direct
object of the verb “bit”
 Jacob hit the ball, “ball” is the direct object of
the verb “hit”
 The witch cut Rapunzel’s hair. “Rapunzel’s
hair” is the direct object of the verb “cut”.
Indirect Objects-An indirect object is often a
noun or pronoun that comes before the direct
object.
 The witch gave Snow White the apple, “Snow
White” is the indirect object of the verb
“gave”; “apple” is the direct object.
 The apple caused her much grief, “Her” is the
indirect object; “grief” is the direct object.
 The troll offered the giant a harp, “Giant” is
the indirect object; “harp” is the direct object
VERBS appear in six different forms, or tenses
PRESENT TENSE: The frog jumps.
PAST TENSE: The frog jumped.
FUTURE TENSE: The frog will jump.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: The frog has jumped
six times today.
PAST PERFECT TENSE: The frog had jumped
only once before it rained.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: The frog will have
jumped more than one hundred times by
next Sunday.
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ACTIVE VOICE – the subject of the sentencethe person, animal, or thing performing the
action- is BEFORE the verb.
PASSIVE VOICE – the subject of the sentence
is usually not present. If the subject of the
sentence is present it is often at the end of a
prepositional phrase (it is the object of a
preposition).
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The book was eaten by the troll, the subject
“troll” is the object of the preposition “by”.
A PRONOUN is a word that takes the place of
a noun. A PRONOUN is a stand-in for a noun
 There are three different kinds of pronouns:
1. Subjective
2. Objective
3. Possessive
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Subjective pronouns appear as “subjects” of
sentences and phrases. Objective pronouns
appear as “objects” of sentences, phrases,
and clauses. Possessive pronouns show
ownership of a noun.
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I read.
You read.
She reads.
He reads.
It reads.
We read.
They read
Who reads?
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Read to me.
Joan reads to you.
Read to her.
Read to him.
Read to it.
Read to us.
Read to them.
To whom does she read?
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my book
your book
her book
his book
its book
our book
their book
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Reflexive pronouns refer to themselves myself,
yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves
Demonstrative pronouns indicate specific
persons, places, or things: all, any, anyone, both,
either, everybody, everyone, few, many, most,
neither, nobody, none, several, some, somebody,
someone
Relative pronouns introduce clauses: which, who,
whom, whose, that
Interrogative Pronouns introduce questions:
what, which, who, whom, whose
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Adjectives tell which: this frog, that giant,
those dwarfs
Adjectives tell what: the green frog, the lonely
giant, the frozen lake.
Adjectives also tell how many: many frogs,
several giants, one lake, seven dwarfs.
Adjectives can also work together: this green
frog, that lonely giant, those seven dwarfs
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Concrete adjectives give information that we
can see, touch, taste, hear, and smell
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Abstract adjectives do not give information
about what we can see, touch, taste, hear, or
smell. They give an idea about something.
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the bad troll tells us that the person who
wrote the sentence thinks the troll is bad, it
does not tell us what the troll looks like. The
green troll tells us something about how the
troll looks: he is green.