Transcript Unit 1 Grammatical hierarchy and sentence structure

Unit 1 Grammatical hierarchy
&
sentence structure
(course book P1—21)
Questions
• 1.What is the smallest grammatical unit?
• 2. Analyzing the following words:
• antiwar, movement, coexistence, preliberation,
Inappropriateness
• 3.What can preposition, pronoun, determiner,
conjunction and auxiliary be classified to ? What
about noun, adjective, adverb, and verb?
• 4.How to determine the class of a phrase?
• 5.What’s the highest grammatical unit?
• 6.What’s the usage of the minor sentence?
Key words
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1.grammatical hierarchy
2.morpheme
3.free morpheme
4.bound morpheme
5.affix
6.prefix
7.suffix
8.clause
9.independent clause
10.dependent clause
11.minor sentence
12.simple sentence
13.compound sentence
14.complex sentence
15.compound-complex
sentence
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语法层次
词素
自由词素
粘附词素
词缀
前缀
后缀
分句
独立分句
从属分句
不完全句
简单句
并列句
复杂句
并列复杂句
1.What is grammar?
• The structural system of a language.
2. Grammatical hierarchy
grammar
Morphemes
Words
phrases
clauses
sentences
2.1 morpheme
(the smallest grammatical unit)
• 2.1.1 free morphemes---has a complete
meaning and can stand by itself as a
simple word.
• 2.1.2 Bound morphemes---cannot stand
by itself and have to be attached to other
words.
2.2 words
(composed of one or more than one morpheme)
• 2.2.1 classification in terms of word-formation
• Simple words, derivatives and compounds
• 2.2.2 classification in terms of grammatical function
• Closed-class words
• Open–class words
2.3 Phrases
(composed of one or more than one word)
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2.3.1 the noun phrase
2.3.2 the verb phrase
2.3.3 the adjective phrase
2.3.4 the adverb phrase
2.3.5 the prepositional phrase
2.4 Clauses
(composed of one or more than one phrase)
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2.4.1 independent and dependent clauses
2.4.2 simple and complex clauses
2.4.3 main and subordinate clauses
2.4.4 finite and non-finite clauses
2.4.5 verbless clauses
2.5 Sentences
(highest rank of grammatical unit)
• 2.5.1 full and minor sentences
• 2.5.2 simple, compound, complex and compoundcomplex sentences
• Simple---comprises only one independent clause.
• Compound---two or more coordinated independent
clauses
• Complex---an independent clause comprises one or
more dependent clauses as its element(s)
• Compound-complex---two or more coordinated
independent clauses with at least one complex clause
Homework
• 1.preview lecture 1 (p13-19) and try to answer
the following questions.
• 1)How many parts a sentence can be divided into?
What are they and their function?
• 2)How to analyze the following sentence in terms
of five clause elements:
• Smoking cigarettes causes trouble in the lungs.
• 3)How many basic types can English sentences
be classified into? And what are they?
• 4)How to transform the basic clause types?
• 5) How to expand the basic clause types?
• 2. Exercise 1 A (p15) : 2,3,4,5,7
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Exercise 1 C (p19) : 1---8
3.Sentence structure(P13-15)
Key words
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1.subject
2.predicate
3.object
4.complement
5.adverbial
6.operator
7.predication
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主语
谓语
宾语
补语
状语
操作词
述谓成分
Questions
• 1. How many parts a sentence can be
divided into? What are they and their
function?
• 2. How to analyze the following sentence
in terms of five clause elements:
• Smoking cigarettes causes trouble in the
lungs.
Practice
• Please read course book from P13-15 and
finish the following exercise:
• Exercise 1 A (P15)
2,3,4,5,7;
3.1 Parts of clause
clause
Subject
predicate
Topic/theme
(known information)
NP
New information
VP
3.2 Two ways of sentence
analysis
Eg:
All the men have done their best.
sentence
subject
Predicate verb
object
All the men
have done
their best.
Sentence
subject
All the men
predicate
operator
have
predication
done their best.
4.Basic clause types
P16--19
Key words
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1.linking verb
2.intransitive verb
3.transitive verb
4.monotransitive verb
5.ditransitive verb
6.complex transitive
verb
• 7.coordination
• 8.subordination
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1.连系动词
2.不及物动词
3.及物动词
4.单宾及物动词
5.双宾及物动词
6.复杂宾语及物动
• 7.并列
• 8.从属
Questions
• 1.How many basic types can English
sentences be classified into? And what are
they?
• 2.How to transform the following sentence:
• She gave him a book.
• 3.How to expand the basic clause types?
Practice
• Read course book P16--19 and finish the
following exercise.
• Exercise 1 C (P19):1—8
4.1 Basic clause types
Basic clause types
SVC
SV
SVA
SVO
SVOA
SVOC
SVoO
4.2 Transformation of basic clause
types
transformation
Negative
Statement into a question
Passive voice clause
4.3 Expansion of basic clause
types
expansion
Coordination
(并列）
Subordination
(从属）
Adding modifiers
(增加修饰成分）
Key to exercise 1A
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2.Subject:
the huge black horse
object:
the race
3.predicate verb:
have thought about
object：
going into space
4. predicate verb:
warms up and crawls
adverbial :
out of the bag
5. complement:
one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescope
adverbial:
because of the many rings that surround it
7.subject:
you and your brother
object:
how many pairs of shorts
Key to Exercise 1C
• 1.Walden Pond, once praised by Thoreau for its
natural beauty, is now the site of many tourist
stands.
• 2.Almost every summer night the cooling
northeast wind swept through our bedroom
windows, making air conditioning unnecessary
and a light blanket welcome.
Sweeping through our bedroom windows almost
every summer night, the cooling northeast wind
made…
• 3.The steep surrounding slopes were capped
with snow, which fed two streams plunging down
to join in the valley below.
• 4. With the river on one side and a large tree
providing shade, this is a good spot for a picnic,
and we can spread our blanket on the grassy
knoll.
• 5.Panting for breath after running up the stairs,
Mr. Wood stood at his neighbor's door and
knocked again and again till someone opened it.
• 6. The town folk envied Horace, who had come
into a small fortune with which he bought a big
house and obtained a partnership in the biggest
grocery in town.
• 7. Standing in front of the mirror, Jim looked at
his image, wondering at the big change that had
come over him in recent years.
• 8.The idea that his only daughter whom he had
greatly wronged might never forgive him almost
drove him mad.
Homework
1.Exercise for review Lecture 1:
Exercise 1 A (P15): 8,9,10,13,15
Exercise 1 C (P19): 13,18
2. Exercise for preview Lecture 2:
read course book from p22-37 and try to answer the following
questions and exercises:
• 1) What is grammatical concord？
• 2) What is notional concord?
• 3) What is proximity?
Course book p26 :Exercise 2A 1—15
• Course book p28: Exercise 2B 1---10
• Course book p31: Exercise 3A 1---15
• Course book p37: Exercise 3C 1--10
Reference
• 《实用英语语法新概念》，梁志编，天津
科技翻译出版社出版。