Transcript Week 4: words - WordPress.com

week 4: words
Closed Classes
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the best way to deal with closed classes is by considering their function within the
higher units
all closed class words tend to occur at the beginning of the larger units of which
they are parts
closed class words are as markers of the units they introduce
Determiners (d)
• Determiners introduce Noun Phrase (NP), and function as
Modifiers (M)
• Determiners are sometime obligatory in specific context such
as singularity
Example:
• *[(Dog) (bit) (man)] vs [(A dog) (bits) (a man)]
• Most common determiners are definite article (the) and indefinite
article a/an
the, a/an, this/that, these, thise, all, some, any, no, every, each, either,
neither, one, several, enough, such, many, much, more, most, (a) few,
fewer, fewest, (a) little, less, least, what, which, whatever, whichever, half
Pronouns (p)
•
Pronouns are words which are in a sense 'dummy' Ns or NPs as they don't
have an unspecific meaning
• There is a large overlap between determiners and pronouns (i.e. this, that,
all, some).
Example:
• [(This wine) (is) (very sweet)] vs [(This) (is) (a very sweet wine)]
• (some girls) vs (some of the girls)
List of pronouns can be seen on p 51
Enumerators (e)
• cardinal numbers (one, two, three, .....)
• ordinal numbers (first, second, third, ...)
• general ordinals (next, last, other, further, ...)
Preposition (p)
•
Prepositions introduce Prepositional Phrase (PP) expressing possession,
place, time, etc (circumstances)
• Prepositions are always followed by Noun Phrases (NP)
• There is large overlap between prepositions and adverbs (especially
adverbs of place and direction)
Example:
• [(I) (looked) (up the chimney)] vs [(I) (looked) (up)]
Prepositions can be seen on page 52
Conjunction (cj)
• Conjunctions are introductory linking words mostly
introducing clauses rather than phrases
• Two kinds of conjunctions: subordinate (page 52) and
coordinate (page 52)
• Another conjunction is Correlative Conjunctions - two
conjunctions that occur together 1). subordinating such as if
.... then, although ...... yet, etc., and 2). coordinating such as
both .... and, either .... or, neither ... nor, etc.
Operator Verb (v)
• Modal Verbs: can, will, may, shall, could, would, might, should, must,
ought to
• Primary Verbs (can be either full verb (V) or auxiliary (aux))
Vo
Vs
Ved
Ving
Ven
be,am,are
is
was, were
being
been
have
has
had
having
had
do
does
did
doing
done
Interjections (ij)
• Interjections are rather peripheral to language (primitive expressions
of feeling) which loosely integrated into language system
• Interjections are such as swear words (damn, etc), greetings (hello)
and other signalling words (goodbye, yes, no, okay, etc)
NOTES
•
Prepositions, interjections and conjunctions are not included into structure
of phrase. They are called as PARTICLE (little part)
Example:
• [But gee (I) (am) (hungry)]
Look at the tree diagram on page 54
EXERCISE
Analyse the followings based on form and function relating to word
class discussion!
1. It was a sunny day in Moscow.
2. The second carriage is for first class passengers.
3. Blue is my favorite color.
4. He has eaten all biscuits
5. She has been being interogated by a police
6. Damn, hi you must be Smith
7. A large crocodile is approacing a lonely little boy near a forest
8. It takes time