Transcript I go to school

Sentences
&
Verb tenses
&
Readings
Sergio Pizziconi
Plan of the day
Tomorrow,
bring a spilletta
to class
- Review
- A survey on made-in-Italy abroad
- Relative
clauses
Plan
- Personal and possessive pronouns
- Verb tenses
- Readings
EXTRA-CLASS work:
Read Chp 2 cases 1 (AMWAY) and 5 (BIC) [MARK
relative clauses]
Keep on working on your CVs and cover letter [try to make the
sample letter in the text-book YOUR OWN letter]
Keep working on your project.
Review: Phonology 1/1
Vowels: exercises from /i/ to /a/ and from /u/ to /ɒ/ (lowering your jaw)
from /i/ to /u/ mind driven; puff of air (see IPA chart). // Where accent
falls is relevant: 1) OBject (n.) – obJECT (v.), 2) if lost, stress the first
syllable, you’re likely to sound right. // Stress movement
shortens/weakens previously stressed vowels (also in writing):
proNOUNce  pronunCIAtion // This Miss /s/ unvoiced These Ms. /z/
voiced// “gh” mute (though, thought) OR /f/ (rough, tough)
Review: Morphology 1/1
ADJ+lyADV; N+lyADJ // V+er N(s.o./s.t. does V) // To+N(and
most words)V (googleto google; wowto wow) // V + ance/ence
 N (differ+ence, perfom+ance) // Help+less
antonym help+ful //
Adj+ en  V (to make s.o./s.t Adj) //
Adj(max2syll.) + er  Adj (comparative: more Adj)
Adj(max2syll.) + est  Adj (superlative: most Adj)
BUT: good – better – best; bad – worse – worst //
Singular: Thesis, Analysis, Hypothesis, Axis /s/ unvoiced
Plural:
Theses, Analyses, Hypotheses Axes /z/ voiced //
Datum (sing.) Data (pl.)
Criterion, phenomenon (sing.) Criteria, phenomena (pl.)
Review: Syntax 1
Verbs: transitive Vs. intransitive (Direct object, Indirect object,
Oblique object)// passive Vs. active (mentioned)//
AUXILIARY verb for the perfect tenses (actually, aspect) ALWAYS
to have (e.g., Things have changed)
BUT: passive voice (e.g., Rules were changed by the CEO) or few
constructions (e.g., are you finished?) //
Phrasal verbs. Verb+ ADV or Prep. To bring about = to cause, to
engender (causare, determinare) //
Typical declarative sentence structure: Subj + Verb +…..
Typical negative: Subject + do/does/did + not+ V(base form)
Typical question: Do/Does/Did + Subject + V(base form)
N.B. When some sort of auxiliary is already in the sentence USE
IT instead of adding to do
Emphatic statement Subj +do/does/did +V(base form) //
What brings about unemployement? (what = SUBJECT)
What does unemployment bring about? (what = ????)
WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion
RIGHT: ????
Review: Syntax 2
Skoda is…, Italy/France/Japan is… [WITHOUT article] BUT The United
States of America, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands //
Once upon a time there was a small village in the country.
The village was… [see vignette below]
In light of (mainly US) In the light of (mainly UK) [see FOEs for
possessive case and article]//
TRANSITIVE: to raise (raised – raised); to lay (laid – laid)
INTRANSITIVE: to rise (rose – risen); to lie (lay – lain) (lying)
N.B.: to lie (to say something untrue) (lied – lied) (lying)
Review: Syntax 3
Syntax: Modal verbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could,
might, would, should + BARE INFINITIVE (without to)
Interrogative: MODAL + Subj + BARE INFINITIVE (must I go?)
Negative: Subj + MODAL + not + BARE INFINITE (I mustn’t
go, I cannot go OR I can’t go, I won’t go)
They do not take to before or after:
WRONG To may, to must, to could… WRONG
WRONG I can to go, you may to talk… WRONG
They do not take –s for 3° person singular
WRONG he cans do, she mays do… WRONG
They have no tense it’s a matter of distance from reality:
Next year, I am/will be/can be/ may be/could be/might be in the UK
I want TO focus/analyze
I would like TO focus/analyze
Review: syntax 4
Circumstances
Links within the text
Textual markers
On what condition?
(D.O.)
(I.O.) How?
S
(Att)
V
Why?
Where?
When?
About the relation between interlocutors
General structure of the sentence
Review: Syntax 5
• What sentence constituent is the underlined
subordinate clause replacing?
– I think (that) you can do excellent projects
– Io penso che …
D.O. replacing
subordinate
clause
– Can you replace “that” (“che”) with “which” (“il/la/i/le quale/i”)?
• What’s the difference between the two uses of
“honestly” below?
Discourse
– Honestly, I don’t think you can win the game
– I don’t think you can honestly win the game
Marker
(relation to
interlocutors)
Vs.
Circumstance
Review: Syntax 6
A Main Clause with
a Noun Phrase
A relative pronoun
A clause with a
missing element
A Main Clause with
a Noun Phrase
A relative pronoun
A clause with a
missing element
Basic relative clauses
We have already sold the books
that
we received XXXX yesterday
We have already sold the books
that
XXXX were delivered yesterday
Review: Syntax 7
• Omitted relative pronoun:
Other details about relative clauses
– From AMWAY: These distributors sell to people
[that/whom] they know or meet.
• Whiz (omitted which and auxiliary to be):
– From BIC: Most large companies produce a variety
of goods and services XXX XXX [which are]
designed to meet customers’ needs…
• Fused relative pronoun:
– From BIC: This case study shows how [the way in
which] BIC understands product life cycles
Review:
Pragmatics
1/1
Pragmatics: Do not pick on students or class fellows. //“See you
later.”// Language varies across jobs. //Think it over before saying
“No, this is wrong” Recommended: “Very interesting point/question.
Let me point out though that…” or some sort of hedging (softening
expression).// FORMAL: Dr. Pizziconi, your course is interesting
[NOT: his/her]. INFORMAL: Sergio, your course is interesting. {“On a
first name basis” “May I call you Sergio?”}.// How is it going? How
(are) you doing? What’s up? Wassup? Sup?  It’s always Good.//
Expectation of truthful statement. // Lag time between turns: When
asking for questions, wait for a longer time.// Greetings (see next
slide)//
Review: Pragmatics (Appendix)
Pragmatics:
Informal
Greetings
Intro
Parting after
first meeting
Sup?
Wassup?
What’s up?
How you doing?
How is it going?
“
Formal
How
are
you
doing
?
Good
morning/afternoon/e
vening
(very)
nice/glad/pleased to
meet you!
How do you do?
(very)
nice/glad/pleased
meeting you!
Review: Tools 1/1
Tools: www.thefreedictionary.com Also, the financial and legal
dictionaries within and the Idioms section. // Check for the frequency
of sentences googling them in quotes “……..” // Semantics of
prototypes //
Google advanced search: with pdf and site: .edu (US universities) or
.ac.edu (UK universities)
SUNECO’s library’s link to “online sources” (Open access journals)
FOEs 1/4
- Information (uncountable: much information NOT many
informations , NOT an information)
- Economy Vs Economics
- Security (against criminal actions) Vs Safety (against
dangerous actions)
- Across (time, space whether real or abstract) Vs Through
(space; means/tool)
- Frequent (a bar, a restaurant) Vs attend (a
course/program/school)
- I study English Vs I study the English language
- Aim/Attempt at (+ N; V-ing) OR to (+ V-base form)
- A + consonant sound! OR pronounced h : a house, a university
An + vowel sound! OR mute h: an unpredictable even, an hour.
FOEs 2/4
- I’m graduated FROM Aversa high school
I graduated FROM/AT Aversa high school
- Such as (listing examples) as (in the function of)
- Comparison and manner: As (+entire clause) like
(+noun)
- Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the US. In
fact it’s the largest (A dire il vero)
- Industry usually means productive sector. Plant,
factory (are the words for the place where things are
manufactured)
- When a word is not used because of its meaning but
as a word to be dealt with, mark it somehow: The verb
can expresses…; The verb “can” expresses…; The
verb can expresses
FOEs 3/4
• What’s wrong in the sentence below?
– Is more correct to use “may” to mean permission.
• You need a subject!
• Io sono d’accordo  I agree with+N/ to +Vbase form
(clause)…. [NOT: I am agree]
• A Facebook page is/isn’t useful to keep in touch [NOT
for to keep in touch]
• Possessive case:
The doctor’s house
Vs X Dr. Smith’s house
The consumer’s choice Vs The consumers’ choice
BUT The child’s toy
Vs The children’s toy
BUT X Giordano’s book Vs The Giordano book
FOEs 4/4 (charts)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fall – fell – fallen
WRONG: his trend is regular
RIGHT: ????
ITA: media  ENG: mean (on average)
Price varies according to volume
WRONG: It is steadily for the first part
RIGHT: It is steady. It levels steadily. It is steadily high.
WRONG: After there is a slowly fall RIGHT: ????
WRONG: Before it varies
RIGHT: ????
PREPOSITIONS
IN June
ON May 23rd
April
May
DURING the month
June
AT the end
of June
Survey on made-in-Italy abroad
• A study by Walter Giordano, Laura Di Ferrante
and I (OR myself)
• 5 Italian products marketed abroad.
• Stage 1: survey on the qualities of made-in-Italy
products
• https://it.surveymonkey.com/s/LSWABC14
Refresh: Relative clauses
• Try to figure out what the pair below has to do with
relative clauses:
Restrictive Vs Non-restrictive
The car that is parked in front of the department is
mine
My car, which is parked in front of the department, is
a FIAT
Possessive
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Luke’s
car is affordable
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
Tony’s
is expensive
Verb tenses 1
• Past (simple)
• Non-past: present (simple)
I go to school tomorrow
I go to school everyday
In 1776 the USA declare
their independence
NOW
Past
Non-Past
Verb tenses 2
Futurity:
• Past (simple)
• Non-past: present (simple)
I go to school tomorrow
I am going to school tomorrow
I’m going to go to school tomorrow
I will go to school tomorrow
NOW
Past
Non-Past
Verb tenses…actually aspects 3
• Past (simple)
They usually refer to a
habitual action:
• Non-past: present (simple) I go to school [as my main activity
To remark habits in the past:
I used to go to school last year
I would go to school everyday
today]
I went to school last year [as my
main activity then]
NOW
Past
Non-Past
Verb tenses…actually aspects 4
• Simple
Habitual process
• Continuous/Progressive
On-going process:
To be + V-ing
Their price is decreasing
When I bought the shares,
their price was decreasing
NOW
Their price will be
decreasing
Verb tenses…actually aspects 5
• Simple
Habitual process
• Continuous/Progressive
• Perfect
On-going: To be + V-ing
Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed
I have started this project two weeks ago
The deadline was yesterday
but I had started the project
two months ago
NOW
When you will be back,
they will have finished
the project
Verb tenses…actually aspects 6
• Simple
Habitual process
• Continuous/Progressive
• Perfect
On-going: To be + V-ing
Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed
I have started this project two weeks ago
The deadline was yesterday
but I had started the project
two months ago
I started the project two
months ago because the
deadline was yesterday
NOW
When you will be back,
they will have finished
the project
Duration form 7
• Simple
Habitual process
• Continuous/Progressive
• Perfect
On-going: To be + V-ing
Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed
• Perfect continuous
Some link with present and on-going : To have + BEEN + V-ing
I have been working on this project for four weeks
I have been working on this project since last month (2013)
NOW
BUT: I have known you all since March 10th
MUSTs & MUST-NOTs
MINIMUM MUSTs
MINIMUM MUST-NOTs
• MUST rephrase
• MUST NOT copy and paste
• MUST cite sources
• MUST NOT hide sources
• MUST circumscribe
your scope
• MUST NOT write your
paper in the slides
MUSTs for
MUST-NOTs for
“GOOD/HARD WORK” “GOOD/HARD WORK”
assessment
assessment
• MUST carry out YOUR • MUST NOT just repeat
OWN analysis
what other scholars wrote
In-class activity
3 lines: explain the connection between Sonic’s
campaign and BIC product life cycle strategy
TV Intro - Cheers (USA, 1982-1993)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1irjgfMC3A
Sonic premium beef hot dogs accents
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWOzuvdZ6J8