Transcript Lecture 4 - ufal wiki

Leonid Iomdin
Institute for Information Transmission Problems,
Russian Academy of Sciences
[email protected], [email protected]
Program Overview: p. 1
 1. Basic Principles of The Meaning-Text theory by Igor
Mel’čuk. Language as a Universal Translator of Senses
to Texts and Texts to Senses. Text analysis and text
generation. The theory of integral linguistic
description by Juri Apresjan. The grammar and the
dictionary of language.
 2. Two syntactic levels of sentence representation:
surface syntax and deep syntax.
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Program Overview: p. 2
 3. The dependency tree structure as a syntactic
representation of the sentence. Dependency tree vs.
Constituent tree: advantages and drawbacks of both
types of representation. Limits of the dependency tree.
The hypothesis of two syntactic starts.
 4. The notions of syntactic relation. Major classes of
syntactic relations: actant, attributive, coordinative
and auxiliary relation classes.
 5. The notion of syntactic feature. Syntactic
features vs. Semantic features.
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Program Overview: p. 3
 6. Actants and valencies. Active, passive and distant
valencies. The government pattern of a dictionary
entry. An overview of actant syntactic relations. The
predicative relation. The agentive relation. Completive
relations.
 7. An overview of attributive syntactic relations.
Grammatical Agreement. Numerals and Quantitative
Constructions. The system of Quantification Syntax of
Russian.
 8. Grammatical coordination as a type of grammatical
subordination. An overview of coordinative syntactic
relations.
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Program Overview: p. 4
 9. Auxiliary syntactic relations. Analytical grammatical
forms as an object of syntax.
 10 Microsyntax of Language. Minor Type Sentences.
Syntactic Idioms.
 11. Lexical Functions in the Dictionary and the
Grammar.
 12. Syntactic description and syntactic rules.
Dependency Syntax in NLP. Dependency Syntax in
Machine Translation. Syntactically Tagged Corpus of
Texts.
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Surface Syntax
 is the main linguistic discipline to which
this course is devoted: conversion between
deep morphological representation and
surface syntactic representation
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Classes of Syntactic Relations
 1) actant relations;
 2) attributive relations;
 3) coordinative relations;
 4) auxiliary relations
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Actant Relations
 1) predicative relation;
 2) agentive relation;
 3) completive relations (1st completive to 5th
completive);
 4) copulative relation;
 5) prepositional relation
etc.
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Actants and Valencies
Several notions are needed:
 Predicate
 Situation
 Situation Participant, or Actant
 Valency (=valence)
 Frame representation
 Government Pattern
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Predicative Relation
The government member of the
predicative SSyntRel being invariably a
finite verb, its dependent member can
be one of the four items:
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Predicative Relation
1 A noun or its equivalent:
 John [Y] kissed [X] Mary
 It [Y] seems [X] easier
 It [Y] seems [X] easier to agree than to oppose
 The easiest [Y] of all solutions would [X] be to agree
 Enough [Y] has [X] been said
 Between [Y] ten and fifteen students attended [X] the
lecture
 Whoever [Y1] is [X1,Y2] undertaking the job has [X2] to
understand what [Y3] lies [X3] ahead
November 27, 2009. Lecture 3
11
A Noun or its Equivalent:
an Excursus
1) Normal Nouns, including pronouns
 John [Y] kissed [X] Mary;
 I [Y] left [X];
 Who [Y] came [X]?,
 What [Y] happened [X]?
 It [Y] seems [X] easier
 It [Y] seems [X] easier to agree than to oppose
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
A Noun or its Equivalent:
an Excursus
2) Elective Groups
 The easiestA,sup [Y] of all solutions would [X] be to
agree
 The strongerA,comp [Y] of the (two) men must [X] do
the job
 TenNum [Y] of them were [X] chosen to appear in the
final.
 Santorini is [X] the most beautifulA [Y] among these
islands
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
A Noun or its Equivalent:
an Excursus
Elective Groups
NB: The easiest solution of all solutions is NOT an
elective group!
Compare
The easiest solution in all those listed was solution 1
*The easiest in all solutions was solution 1
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
A Noun or its Equivalent:
an Excursus
3) Quantitative Adverbs
 Enough, much, little [Y] has [X] been said
NB: we have to distinguish between
Enough of this, much of the money, few of them (adverb
is the head) and
Enough milk, much money, few people (noun is the head)
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
A Noun or its Equivalent:
an Excursus
4) Approximative Groups, introduced by
prepositions
 Between [Y] ten and fifteen students attended [X] the
lecture
 From [Y] ten to fifteen students attended [X] the
lecture
 Up to [Y] fifteen students attended [X] the lecture
 About <around> [Y] fifteen students attended [X] the
lecture
About and around are prepositions rather than adverbs!
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
A Noun or its Equivalent:
an Excursus
5) Whoever/Whatever Clauses
 Whoever [Y1] is [X1,Y2] undertaking the job has [X2] to
understand this
 Whatever [Y1] I saw [X1,Y2] cost [X2] a fortune
NB: We need to distinguish between these clauses
and clauses formed with interrogative pronouns:
 *Who is undertaking the job has to understand this
 Who is undertaking the job is secret
 *What I saw cost a fortune
 What I saw was unclear
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
(Back to) Predicative Relation
2 A verb in the form of an infinitive or a gerund:
 To [Y] ask John to do it would [X] be silly
 Which way to [Y] choose is [X] a matter of personal
and individual preferences
 Maintaining [Y] this website will [X] be greatly
appreciated
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Predicative Relation
3 A subordinate clause:
 That this interest continues to increase is attested by
the growing number of papers
 Who comes depends on what has been written in the
letter
 If John comes or not is unclear
 Whether John comes is unclear
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Predicative Relation
4 Anticipatory THERE:
 There are some issues to discuss.
 There happened to be a marker on the map.
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Syntactic Features: An Excursus
simple features: COUNT
stone = COUNT
sandstone ≠ COUNT
(in attribute-value pairs notation:
stoneCOUNT=YES
sandstoneCOUNT=NO)
man = ?
mankind =?
assistance = ?
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Syntactic Features
dollar = ?
money =?
news = ?
advice = ?
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Syntactic Features
MESUR
ampere, angstrom, atmosphere, barrel, bushel,
centimetre, …
Two inches wide
Two inches wider
An inch wide
An inch wider
*A table wide
*A table wider
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Syntactic Features
PREDTO
abnormal, absurd, acceptable, aimless,
altruistic, difficult, easy, hard…. (700
adjectives)
To stay one more day was absurd
It was absurd to stay one more day
absolute, relative ≠ PREDTO
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Syntactic Features
PREDTHAT
abnormal, absurd, nice, fine,… (400
adjectives)
That he stayed one more day was absurd
It was absurd that he stayed one more day
difficult, easy ≠ PREDTHAT
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Syntactic Features
PREDIF
absurd, natural, contranatural, accidental,
amiable, smart, spiteful, splendid, …(50
adjectives)
It would be absurd if he stayed one more day
difficult, easy ≠ PREDIF
new = ? old =?
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Syntactic Features
PREDTHAT, *PREDTO (200 adjectives)
wrong, right = PREDTHAT and PREDTO
It was wrong that he stayed one more day
It was wrong to stay one more day
false, true = PREDTHAT, not PREDTO
It was false that he stayed one more day
*It was false to stay one more day
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Syntactic Features: some training
green
nice
American
mathematical
comprehensive
curious
criminal
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Syntactic Features: some training
negative
prolific
acceptable
heavy
high
old
similar
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4
Next lecture
 Actantial Syntactic Relations
(continuation). Attributive Relations
November 30, 2009. Lecture 4